CHEMISTRY AS PART OF EARLY SCIENCE EDUCATION GUBUM 32 konferencija NSECS 32 Conference

Ladies and gentlemen, once again But sorry was speaking English in but it is very simple English. don't know English like foreign language. learned in the school German and the Russian. It was in time communism, yeah. But now it's better now it's all. But have to learn also English. I'm autodidact in English. It's my communication between that does improve my English little bit more and more. But think it for you will be understandable and eventually you can ask me for the details and so on. But would like to speak about chemistry. But chemistry as part of STEM steam education Okay. it's little bit how do you say? Mystery. Maybe something mystery. Something too much difficult. What chemistry? don't know what is in Lithuania, but in Czech Republic we have some problem with chemistry at lower secondary and elementary school. Many maybe not so much pupils, but so much teacher are worried about chemistry. Why we need the chemistry? We can write the chemistry at the 15, 16 years. But think it is it is pity. It is pity that we not include some small elementary phenomenological chemistry also inside of science education. Come come on. So, and few words about me. am coming from Czech Republic. You know here that we are not in the center of Europe. Lithuania is in the center of Europe, but we are you can see in the red color, we are heart of the Europe. We are not center of the Europe, we are heart of the Europe. So, and am coming personally from this region. At this region, the name of the main city of this region like Utena here is Hradec Králové. And Hradec Králové in English translation means Queen's Town. Queen's Town, not King's Town, but Queen's Town. But in Middle Age, the king was in Prague and queen was in Hradec Králové, in Queen's Town. But it was very practical to have 100 km distance between king and queen. And they can visit they they can for same reasons. Okay. So, but now am working in Prague. am working at the Charles University. Charles University is biggest university in Czech Republic. It was the first university in Europe in the east side from river Rhine. East side from east direction from river Rhine. You know river Rhine in in German. And first university was in Prague, Charles IV University. And also something about Czech Republic. Maybe Yeah. Maybe you know. The chemistry chemistry in Czech Republic is connected with breweries. You have also here brewery Medvěda, know very well. But yesterday was in the restaurant not Medvěda, only for tourists. Okay, you you know that we have very nice chemistry in Czech Republic. We have about 300 breweries in this small country. And also maybe you know Czech philosophy. Czech philosophy it is Good Soldier Švejk. maybe some some of you knows this novel about Švejk two two parts about something something like military from the First World War and so on. And also we have some kind of technology. You know maybe Škoda. saw many Škoda's in the city. And also we have big pedagogists in our country. Maybe you know Jan Amos Comenius Comenius. It it is pedagogical All back to chemistry. And know that the director of the STEM center is from history. And would like to start with history. And where was the chemistry in the history? Was the control of the fire. Many millions years before Christ started chemistry maybe proto-chemistry pre-chemistry. The first chemistry know no knows the term chemistry but each used the chemistry knowledge and experiences and so on. But also you can see that we have the periodization of the ages. But somewhere here is the fire using of the fire control of the fire control organizing things by the fire and so on. But sorry, it is your case but it is not my case and we can go more in the chemistry. We can go on the timeline of materials. But if we would like to include chemistry in elementary science, early science, we can work with materials. Many different materials are around us and we are working with the materials. And also in the history they are working with materials. They started with pottery. They continued with copper. And also gold and silver. And next from the copper to bronze. And bronze was more hard like copper and was better for the some guns for for battles and so on. And from the bronze next to the iron time. The iron was better for preparing like copper and more iron they have in the history like copper and many times the colleague knows very good in history that it changing winners. Who was working with iron was better in technology like who was working with copper and so on and so on. You you know it. see very well. And some pictures. Water vessel from 3,000 before Christ. And washing of gold in ancient world. And also tools made from the copper. And next we need little bit harder harder harder and we need the bronze and so on. And also have my following colleagues from Greek will be will speak about AI. But also prepared my pictures by AI but you you'll see that that AI little bit worked behind me but nice pictures. How to go with help of the chemistry, maybe hidden chemistry, from the pottery to the glasses. Also my wife is working with glasses with also not only beer is typical for Czech Republic and also glass art. Glass art is typical for our country. And you can see at many steps how to work with the pottery and to finish for the glasses. Next time is I've seen many nice woman here and probably you like the the dyes. And the dyes coming from nature. From nature. The dyes really nature chemistry. The first one would be indigo from the Egypt. Next, heart of fire from the sea. Nice violet color. And next one is animal source of colors from animals, you know. And also some fixing of colors. Not only colors still, but must be continuing color and fixing of the colors. Okay? And last in see the picture it's about procedure. Yesterday in radio we spoke here in Utenos radio about new strategies in science education. And my speech was oriented we need more about procedures, more about methods, methodology like about context. We need to know how to observe, how to measure, how to experiment, how to models and then so on and so forth. But you can see that first organizing procedure, maybe one of the first, not not the first, one of the first, was very nice procedure, very nice method, distillation. But distillation was observed first one in the kitchen. In the bra kitchen, yeah. And it was how to go water from the liquid form to gas form and makes back to liquid form and and cycle cycle and you are working somebody of you probably are working in primary education. So, yep. Okay. Okay. Somebody is working in pre-primary maybe. Also pre-primary. Okay, we have and you are working with water cycle. With think yes, it's understandable. Understandable, yeah. And the first using of distillation was not for spirits for alcohol but using for essences for essences for smell for this small amount from the roses for small amount from different nature things and to prepare nice smell and to prepare some something for additional part. And also initially and from here we have the feeling about chemistry like mystery. It's also distillation distillate of either distillate of spirit from something. It was very close connected you know the era in chemistry it's means alchemy. Alchemy was from one side from theoretical side very big mystery to prepare stone of ideas to prepare elixir of youth to prepare What was the third one? Stone of ideas, elixir of youth and transformation of metals from iron to prepare gold or something like it. It was three main objectives of the of the alchemists. Okay, but we can go back little bit more from history. We can go to apparatus and furnaces. It was enough only coal for copper but not was enough for iron. For iron we need the flame and also we need more oxidation, more oxygen. It was technology oriented and also and everything. So, sulfur wine production, medicaments and so on and so on, but it all it's chemistry. But now, question for you. If colleagues spoke about science, standard education science, think it is very clear what means biology. The term of biology or not this term. Bios is life. In the Czech language, život, život. And in your language? But No, no, it is Russian. It is Russian. And what is life in Lithuanian? Life is in So, but we know geography. It's clear. Geo geos, it's earth. All or not. Physics. Physical physics from Greek physics is some moving or something like that. But what about chemistry? Where is base for the term chemistry? Where? You know? Chemistry. What is the word chemistry? Biology is clear, physics is clear, geography is clear, geology colleague, here is is also clear, but what about chemistry? it is very complicated. Nobody knows. Nobody knows. Some my students answered me alchemy. But it is not answer. Alchemy it's the same like chemistry, yeah? Alchemy from Arab Arabian language alchemy like dirty dance or al al al and so on, but but we have four sources possible possible sources. The first one is from Greek. We have the Greek here here from the Greek ancient Greek. Chemia was book name of the book about transformation about changes. Maybe it can be somewhere the start for the for the app. Second alchemists already used liquid or liquid the liquid mister liquid chemos. If we will find the chemos, we will be simple to make from iron to the gold. But not okay. And the third third third one is heavy. Heavy name for Egypt. It was chemia. The reason was that in Hebrew, cham cham is black. Cham is black. And river Nile has at the river end close to the middle Mediterranean sea and the nice fertility that is black earth black soil black soil. But why Egypt? Alexandria, maybe you know. Alexandria was big city with big academy and all knowledge in this year maybe 200 years before Christ and after Christ was constant created all knowledge in Alexandria. But maybe the name chemia of the Egypt could be start. Chemistry is knowledge. Chemistry could be from the chemia. And also we can go to Chinese. In Chinese language, do you speak somebody Chinese? No. Me also not. Just the beginners. Trust beginners. If you are beginners, you know it's special. Please read. This is two marks. It's possible to read. Did you Did you listen? Kemia, something like chemistry. And also Kemia. Kemia. This is two two marks. And also could be this. But you can see which chemistry is complicated. Not so simple like biology, physics. And we have also some tables. Very very quick. will also prepare it. spoke till now about proto chemistry. And proto chemistry could be very nice for using in early chemistry education. In pre-chemistry education. And in periodization, we are speaking about using of the fire as start of the proto chemistry. And somewhere at the finish of Egypt, Alexandria Academy of Sciences. It is somewhere at the third or second century. And now something for Greek. Do you know this schema? Do you know Do you have in your memory something from courses of philosophy? think yes. Who was the author of this schema? It's crucial crucial question. Aristotle. Aristotle. This is Aristotle's schema. What means substance? What is substance? What is all around us? And it was really first step in the theory, before speak about practical experiences, about the dyes, about pottery, about iron, about copper. It was all connected only with experiences. Trial and error. If it good, we can follow the first step. If it not good, we have to stop. And the first approach for the theory of the substance was Greek ancient Greek Greek philosopher. And this one is Aristotle schema. And you can see it is It is my preparation for tomorrow, for your workshop with me. And four ancient elements. The first one is air, second one is water, fourth one is air. third one is air, and fourth one is fire. And what was before? Somebody of you philosophy? You know, think. Mono. Mono approach. Mono Monoism maybe from the Greek. Thales from Miletus said, "All around us is coming from water." Heraclitus said, "All around us is coming from fire." And so on. Pythagoras, "All around us is coming from numbers." Yeah? And so on and so forth. It was mono approach, but Aristotle made this combinations. Schema approach. Schema approach. Really schema approach. Really schema approach. You can see here we have something what is very understandable for us. It is something like properties. Properties wet. know what means wet. Cold. know what means cold. Dry. know what means what means dry. And so on. And combination of two principles is giving to elements. It was simplification, simplification from my side. It was first theory for the substances. And this theory was continuous theory. But you maybe you know what was parallel theory in ancient Greek. It was part particles. It was particles. Leucippus and Democritus. They speak about small particles. Atomos. Ata atomos is not splitting. Atomos is splitting. This is not splitting and atomos is splitting on the small balls and so on so on. But this theory of Aristotle was started about 400 years before Christ. And till 17th century all in science was based in this theory. Not on the atoms. Atoms was developed in the same time and it was phantasmagoria. Nobody knows that we have the atoms. Nobody see atoms somewhere. But it was put out in this time. And 2,000 years all science worked on the base of this theory. Okay. Second theory theory we spoke about alchemy but only picture. Only picture. We have very nice movie in Czech Republic about alchemy. But alchemy was flowering in Prague. Especially in Prague and the castle of Rudolf II was big alchemy labs, big alchemy group. And now you can read in some books that management of science, management of research is started in Prague at castle in 16th 17th century, and organizing this kind of researchers, alchemists, in in the Prague. So, next period is iatrochemistry. Do you know what what means from Greek iatro iatros? Iatros is medic, doctor, yeah. It was oriented the name from Switzerland, Paracelsus, and it was the period iatrochemistry. Too much oriented to medical science. Too much oriented also metallurgy, medical and metallurgy. And also we can use the different kind of things in chem labs. And next period is Robert Boyle. Robert Boyle was in 18th century, big chemist, scientist, and he which wrote the book Skeptic Skeptic Chemist. Skeptic Chemist was English word, maybe. And the speech was Nullius in verba. Nullius in verba, we have to make the experiments. Finish with Aristotle theory, this phenomenon geology discontinuous, and we have to go back to the history. So, and here is lab from this time, and modern period is connected with Mendeleev. You know all you are remembering periodic table, but am chemist, am chemistry teacher, but from my side is not necessary to learn periodic table like memorization. don't need it. have many periodic table on the on the table, on the computer, on the TV, and so on. It's not necessary to learn, but it's necessary to understand what means periodic table. think that you have in your memory what means derivative. Thank you. And next and next information and we prepare differentiation in chemistry, inorganic, organic, biochemistry, and so on and so on. But also integration of disciplines and so on and so on. But we have to go very quick now. What means chemistry? Chemistry means that is science about substances and their changes. And now one task for you. So. Okay. One task for you. Please take one probe for the pairs or the trios at your hands, please. Only one. Only one for it. For couple or for trios. Also for your group. One for the pair or one for trios. brought for you some crystal. White powder. No, white powder for you. Don't worry. Don't worry. It is not poison. It is not poison. Don't worry. It is not sugar. Don't eat. Many times when working with this experiment in the school, my small children are using the mask for safety. But you don't need it. You have my confident that you're not tasting by by by what. So, and please take Okay. Take very small half of the small spoon and put inside the probe, please. Can you see that? Okay, have to do computer. It's the same It's the same order for you. Only half of the small spoon. Half of the small spoon inside the problem, yeah? And next step will be You have this instrument and please put this little bit Okay. One step and put it inside the other, okay? Put inside the problem. And for your group, okay, will give you also. Yes, please the water inside. And wait 30 seconds. What happens? 30 maybe 40 seconds you have to wait. And after 30 or 40 seconds, please try to do take the probe on the bottom up. What happens? What happens? You can see what After After 30 40 seconds. After 30 40 seconds. And now you can try. So. And if you take the water, you can make second round. You can make second round in your water. And put next amount of the water. And third round. And fourth round. And you can put maybe half of the probe in water. And after 30 40 seconds you can try take the bottom up. You can You can make the rounds. You can make the rounds with your water. Do you have some idea what is this substance? Do you have some idea what is this substance? Where we can use it? Where we can use it? Where we can use it? You can make second round. Do you have some idea where this substance is used? Do you have some idea where this substance is used? Where we can find this substance in the world? Here is Here is my answer. Here is my answer. Here is my answer. And it is substance generally named Generally named superabsorbent. Superabsorbent. And we can find it in We can find it in children's diapers. We can find it in diapers for adults also. And now we can find it also in agriculture. In agriculture, maybe not in your country, in Baltic countries, in Middle Europe, in soil that is dry, very dry. But when we are producing bricks, we have to use this material inside of the soil and step by step is coming out the water and it means that dry is not so strong. And something about explanation, what is What is this material? Do we have here some chemists? Are there chemists? Yeah, you. You can explain. Do you know this substance, superabsorbent? What is base for this superabsorbent? Brief. Yes. Which Which kind of Which kind of chemical substances you estimate inside? Polymers. Polymers, yeah? Polymers, some kind of polymers. And base on this polymers is adipic adipic adipic acid. Adipic acid. Only for chemist. It's okay. It's not important. But for us for us the small part of the board, small board, is something like this board and absorb to make bigger and bigger hole within the water. And this is little bit diffusion, it is little bit plus minus connection and so on. But this kind of materials can make maybe 300 times more absorption like it's weight of this material. But sometimes it is 50 or 100 and maximum could be 30. And also this is patents for this materials that it can be it can be very good oriented for 37 Celsius degrees. Why 37 7, you know. But if temperature of the liquid is less like 37 absorption is less. And it is more like 37 absorption is more. It is typical standard education. It is technology, but know as chemist that it is some kind of polymer, but know now the details. don't know the details. know only this. But have here some video, maybe we can use the video. don't have time probably time. have time. 10 minutes. 10 minutes, okay. But maybe maybe start of the video we can My my colleague from Czech Academy of Sciences is English people. And and he is very productive. Just press. Click on the link. I'm sorry. Maybe video video will come tomorrow. Video will come tomorrow. Sorry for it. But in video is some game with this superabsorbent and the colleague made some joke with his wife. And it was about to work with the superabsorbent. And to prepare for wife some surprise. Three cups. In one cup is supposed to superabsorbent and the second cup and third cup was empty. And put little bit water from the first one and make some games. Where is water? Here. Okay. And next put the water in the cup with the superabsorbent. Where is water? Here. Nothing. And yeah yeah yeah yeah you can play maybe different kind of different kind of experiments with this. Also with smart textile for example. It is different, not superabsorbent. It is absorbent of warm energy. Maybe you know that. It's special kind of textiles, but you make some shape and the textiles is working. And next, you can maybe maybe the warmers are using in winter time some socks with some substances and we can make shape and it warm and so on and so on. We have many different different substances. Also, chemistry for the early chemistry it is very nice to work with mixture. To work with mixture and to separate mixture. We have many different kind of separation, how to splicing from mixture, splicing the separate. And one of the nice methods is, you know, what is the name of this method? And use the markers. use the black markers, black markers and put the black markers one point in the paper and make the knot on the water and water go up and from the black color receive this kind of color. Very nice, interesting for small children, they can work, but you need special the markers with water based, not based on water based. We will taste it tomorrow. We will taste it tomorrow. And also, now it's difficulty in the chemistry and the difficulty is to see inside of substances. How to see inside inside of substances. And chemistry or science or stem disciplines are using methods modeling. Our imagination, what can happens inside. have for you last experiment. And would like to invite or meet two volunteers. Please help me. Two of you, please help me. You want to make this demonstration here. And please, would like to ask two of you. Please help me. Two volunteers, please help me. It's nothing dangerous, nothing dangerous. And we would like literally one and two and next to you, yeah, please. So. And would like to ask you all. sorry. have at lab ethanol. Can you bring me from the lab ethanol? sorry. It's my my mistake. Okay, okay. We need ethanol, but it is little bit science mathematics. will explain this experiment, maybe you know. And the colleague prepared exactly 50 ml of ethanol. And second colleague prepared exactly 50 ml of water. 50 ml of ethanol and 50 ml of water. So, you can start. You can prepare exactly you can use the table and prepare 50 ml and you 50 ml of ethanol. And now mathematicians here, what means 50 and 50? We can ask artificial intelligence And artificial intelligence can respond 50 and 50 is 100. And we can state the hypothesis that we can mix 50 ml of water and 50 ml of ethanol, we can be safe. So, it will be for the colleagues which one bring You need to use special ethanol Becherovka. It is not Only the small. Okay. Please do not consume everything because Maybe maybe it is enough. have big big bottle on the lab. have big bottle. So, you need some more? Yeah. You need 50 ml. 50 ml. Maybe it should should be more Should be more than 50. Should be should be should be. 50? Okay, that's it. 50 50 50 + 50 in 100 ml is each time 100. Okay. And colleague chemist, please chemist chemist chemist, please. Your Floor is yours now. And please make the mixture with 50 of the ethanol and 50 of water. Please make the mixture. Okay. We have 50. Yeah. It's 50 exactly. think it's okay. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. And now the colleague, please and make the mixture 50 ml of ethanol and 50 ml of water. Somebody of you may be announced to experiment. You you know think it's you know. Second. And what is final amount? What is final volume? Please. 96. Please take take on the table. Please check it is right. How many? 95. Thank you. We have first result is 96. Second is 95. 95. Doesn't function. Mathematics doesn't function. It is chemistry. It is chemistry. No explanation. No explanation. And thank you very much. And next two, please. Next two, come to me. Next two. Please. Two volunteers. Next experiment. Last experiment. Can ask? And you? Okay. And this your task will be more difficult. And please prepare for me 50 ml of green peas. In Czech language, hrášek. Small. Please 50 ml of green peas. And for you have need 50 ml of mustard seeds. Mustard seeds. Small balls and big balls. Maybe you estimate what will come. have the last cylinder. Yeah, it is not so simple like green peas. It is not so simple like green peas. And we need 50 ml of green peas or we can use the lentils. And here we can use 50 ml of mustard seeds. It's also we can use something small, couscous or bulgur or something like that. Okay? And last experimenter, have 100 here. No? Who is Who is ready to help me? Big boss. Big boss. Big boss. Okay. Okay. Okay. So, we have Do Do we have What is this one? Approximately 50. And you have also 50? Yes. It's 50. And your task is to make the same mixture like from liquids and here from the seeds. little bit. little bit and little bit and little bit and little bit. Yes. Okay. Okay. But all must put inside. Nothing else. Okay. Do you Do you know the fairy tale about Russian roulette? About this special princess. Which one? No. No. Sorry. The first question. One, two, three. Okay. And you maybe you estimated what is what will happen. So, what What is 50 plus 50? No. 90 95? 95. 95. this year. 1995 And now we have Thank you very much. Thank you very much. And we can say something in the beginning. Okay. Thank you very much for your help. And now we have the explanation. Is the same procedure. Procedure here was mixed two liquids and here we prepare real model of these liquids. Model of ethanol could be mustard seeds. Model of water could be green peas. And together is What is the phenomena which one now we confirm? Diffusion. Diffusion. Molecules of ethanol is going inside in the gaps between molecules of the water. And little bit Maybe my colleague chemist could protest little bit. But here we have the big one model for water. And maybe you have in your memory shape of the water molecule and shape of the ethanol molecule. On the table and on you can see the ethanol molecule is bigger like water, but in reality ethanol molecule is smaller like like water. But explanation is now clear that we have the molecules and molecules are going inside and make the mixture. And it is reduction of the of the volume. So, this kind of experiment think could be used also for for early education and they can be little bit little bit explained about principles. And what next? Next you can use something how to confirm diffusion. You can bring some color substance and put inside, and maybe you know how to demonstrate diffusion. But you demonstrate diffusion, and here you explain diff- diffusion. But we can see that here can make also from AI This is water model of molecules of water, model of molecules of ethanol, and here is mixture. but also is cheating from ChatGPT. It's cheating, but here is not additional volume, but here is the same volume, but we know that the same volume it is not correct. So, and we can work in different laboratory at home. We can make different chemistry at home. We can make different chemistry at kindergarten. We can work with the kitchen. We can do work with mixtures. We can paint, clean molecular gastronomy. It's now very popular in our country to prepare balls, small balls, bubble tea, for example, and so on and so on, you know? And one invitation for tomorrow. Tomorrow we will work in some workshop, which one is oriented for is for ancient elements. We will work with experiments about water, experiments about fire, experiments about air, and experiments about light, and this have to you know, little bit sad message that my colleagues from Nuremberg, from Bavaria, developed this concept with me together. but he was died 2 years ago. But on his memory, would like to show you this concept, and tomorrow you can try few experiment. Thank you very much for your