ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES everything you need to know

In today's lesson I'm going to help you understand: Adjectives, comparatives, and superlatives. I'm going to divide this lesson into two parts, the basics and advanced. also have two tests for you. Each test has 10 questions, can you please let me know your score in the comments below? For example, test one 10 correct out of 10. Test two 7 correct out of 10. My name's Arnel, let's start. What is an adjective? have two simple sentences for you. Joan is woman, she is wearing dress. How can make these sentences more interesting? Well, can add adjectives. Joan is tall woman, she is wearing pretty red dress. Tall, pretty, red. Those are my adjectives. Look around your room, your classroom, your office. What adjectives can you think of? What is syllable? If you don't know what syllable is we can't continue with this lesson. 1, 2, 3, 4 syllables. Fast, fast has one syllable. Happy, happy has two syllables. Ha-ppy, happy. Powerful, powerful has three syllables. Po-wer-ful, three syllables. Powerful. Intelligent, intelligent has four syllables. In-te-lli-gent. You can see syllable is break in the pronunciation. Here are 15 more adjectives in today's lesson. just want to focus on the grammar so I'm not going to give you the definitions of these adjectives. Use your favorite dictionary or translator. Can you please put these adjectives into their correct columns? Pause the video to do this. Here are the answers. Now that you know what syllables are we can continue. And in English, yes, there are plenty of words with more than four syllables. But in today's lesson think four is enough. have chart here adjectives, comparatives, superlatives. Let's start with adjectives with one syllable. Small, smaller, the smallest. Cold, colder, the coldest. Loud, louder, the loudest. You can see to form comparative add: And for the superlative: the, plus Here's an adjective, old. What are the comparative and superlative forms? Right, old, older, the oldest. If your adjective already ends in, like cute, we just add the: and Cuter, the cutest. We don't need to say or write cutierr... Okay, the forms are clear, but when do we use comparative? When do we use superlative? hedgehog is small animal. mouse is smaller than hedgehog. You can see we use comparative to compare two things. want you to remember this: Comparatives compare, comparatives compare. You can see, comparatives are in the middle of the chart, why? Because comparatives compare. And add than. Not then, and not that. Hummingbirds are the smallest animal in this group. You can see the superlative gives you the most extreme form. Think about it like this: Superlatives are super, superlatives are super. They're like the boss adjective. How can make these sentences negative? add, not. Tuesday was cold. Wednesday was colder than Tuesday (comparatives compare). Thursday was the coldest day last week. How can make these sentences negative? add, not. Violins are loud. Trumpets are louder than violins. Symbols are the loudest instrument in this group. If it's already clear what you're comparing, you don't need to add than. Violins are loud and trumpets are louder. It's already clear I'm comparing trumpets to violins. So many times you'll see comparative without, than, if it's obvious. Let's look at common mistake. I'm going to choose the adjective, hard. Hard meaning, difficult. Hard, harder, the hardest. The test was harder. Harder than what? Harder than writing an essay? Harder than last week's test? If you're not comparing two things, don't use comparative. The test was hard. Here are few more adjectives with one syllable. Let me give you the comparative and superlative forms. Do you notice anything different about these adjectives? Look at the spelling: CVC, CVC, CVC. What? What do you mean CVC? consonant. vowel. consonant. Mini reminder: Vowels in English are: Consonants are all the other letters. Yes, sometimes is considered vowel. If your one syllable adjective has CVC ending, you double the last consonant. You can see that in the spelling. Let let's look at an exception because there are always exceptions. Slow. Slow has one syllable, check. Slow ends with vowel and consonant, check. But we don't spell it like this, we don't spell it slower. We don't spell it slowwest, with the double Why? Well, because think about the sound, slow. It ends with vowel sound. Slow: is vowel. So in this case here, it's not so much about the spelling, it's the sound. The good news is the spelling doesn't matter when you're speaking. Let's keep going, you can see I'll continuously add to my chart. Adjectives with two or more syllables. Active, ac-tive, two syllables. Active, more active, the most active. Beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful. Creative, more creative, the most creative. With long adjectives add more, and the most. Common mistake: more beautifuler? The most beautifullest? No. My son's hamster is active during the day. He is more active in the evening. could say: He is more active in the evening than in the morning. But that's not necessary because it's already clear, my son's hamster is the most active at night. can hear him all night. Daisies are beautiful. Tulips are more beautiful than daisies think. Peonies are the most beautiful flower in the whole world. And when you use superlative it's important that you do this with your hands. The most beautiful, the most expensive. Kylie is creative but think Jeremy is more creative. actually Brandon is the most creative person know. Let's look at another exception. Yep, another exception. think we need venn diagram. have my venn diagram here: have er/est. have more the most, here. We've looked at these two comparative and superlative forms. One syllable: Cold, colder, the coldest. Two or more syllables: Frustrated, more frustrated, the most frustrated. Some two syllable adjectives can take two forms: Polite, more polite, the most polite. Yep, or: Polite, politer, the politest. Look, found an example for you here on Oxford learners dictionary. You can see it gives you both options. This is really helpful. To help you out here are some two syllable adjectives that take both forms. know this can be confusing but when you hear comparatives and superlatives just look at what forms are being used, because not all two syllable adjectives can take or EST. Famous and useless. Famouser? No. Uselessest? No. Let's look at some more two syllable adjectives. Yeah, two syllable adjectives are pain. How are these similar? Take look, they all end in How do we form the comparative and superlative? Well, lazy, lazier, the laziest. Spicy, spicier, the spiciest. If your two syllable adjective ends with remove the and add: ier/iest. 99% of the adjectives you'll see can fit nicely into this chart here. But let's look at few irregular adjectives. And the good news is there aren't that many, they're pretty easy to memorize. Good, gooder? Good, better, the best. Bad, badder? Bad, worse, the worst. Far, farther, the farthest. Far, further, the furthest. And today mean far in terms of distance, far, 100 miles. had good day yesterday, today was better day, tomorrow is going to be the best day of my life. got bad grade on my math test. Your grade can't be worse than my grade, got 62%. Yeah, you probably have the worst grade in the class. Far is an adjective, but it's often used as an adverb. But the adverb comparative and superlative forms are the same, that's good. live far from the office. live farther from the office than you. live further from the office than you. live the farthest from the office. live the furthest from the office. Before the test let's do little bit more practice. have five desserts here. Think about all the rules from today, what sentences can you think think of? Let me give you two of my examples: Ice cream is the most popular dessert in the summer. think cheesecake is better than brownies. What examples can you think of? Test time, remember to think about the spelling of the adjectives. If your spelling isn't correct, it's not correct. Do you need to add, than? Do you need to add, the? Those small things are really important. 10 spaces, pause the video to do this. Here are the answers. How did you do? Number seven, we don't need than, because there's no object. So you didn't need to add than there. But you're still using the comparative. have two pools. Pool is smaller than pool have my comparative, and than, because I'm comparing two things. This is correct but it's very general, how can be more specific? think we need chart. Maybe you haven't noticed but love charts. Small differences, big differences. Informal means we normally use these modifiers in spoken English. And it's important to remember, informal English does not mean low level English. Informal English is very natural. Then neutral and formal. Formal meaning you'll normally see it in written English. And this chart is just guideline, these aren't strict rules. Pool is smaller than pool Let's be more specific, pool is bit smaller than pool Small difference. Jeff can run mile tad faster than Charlie. My skin is always little drier in the winter than in the summer. My new car is slightly more fuel efficient than my last car. Fuel efficient means it doesn't use lot of fuel, it doesn't use lot of gas. Small cars are normally more fuel efficient. Despite tripling their advertising budget, the company's profits were only marginally better than last quarter. And you don't need to include than plus the object if it's already clear what you're talking about, that's optional. We've looked at small differences, let's do some big differences. My mom is far more supportive of me than my dad. This is just an example. In my life my parents are equally supportive. You got 100% on your physics exam? Wow! You are lot smarter than me. You are way smarter than me. Smarter than me or smarter than Okay, we need to get into the nitty-gritty of the grammar. You are smarter than me. Jesse is younger than him. You are smarter than Jesse is younger than he. Which side is correct? They are both correct. If you consider than preposition we use an object pronoun. Me/you/him/her/it/us/them. If you consider than conjunction, we need subject pronoun. I/you/he/she/it/we/they. The verb that follows subject is often given. You you are smarter than am. Jesse is younger than he is. So in these sentences here, it doesn't matter if you use an object pronoun or subject pronoun, your sentences mean the same thing. But using an object pronoun is more common and less formal. Using subject pronoun is less common and more formal. To be honest in my day-to-day life hardly ever hear anyone using subject pronoun, so is there no difference between the preposition and the conjunction. Well, let me show an example sentence where using than as conjunction is better. You like video games more than me. This is correct, but it could mean two different things. One: you like playing video games more than like playing video games. Or, you like playing video games more than you like me as person. So sometimes to not cause any confusion, it's better to use than as conjunction and follow it with subject and verb. You like video games more than do, but normally there isn't any confusion, the context will tell you to keep things simple. Than me, than are both correct. It's about formality and personal preference. After the renovation our kitchen is much more spacious. Much more? know that looks bit strange, but we can use much to show big difference. And we can use comparative. This is really common, much more spacious, much more expensive, much more... much more interesting. Updates to the hotel's website made it significantly more user friendly. used to drink four cups of coffee day but after deciding to only drink two cups of coffee in the morning, became considerably more energetic. We've looked at modifying comparatives but what about superlatives? Well, because superlatives are already the most extreme form, is it possible to show difference? In some ways. Here are the statistics of toy company, they sell little fruit toys. Strawberry Susan is by far, by far the most popular toy in 2024. There's big difference there. Gary Grape is easily the the cutest toy here. Perry Pineapple is almost the creepiest toy I've seen in my life. Let's keep going. Whether we are speaking about small differences or big differences, we're still making the adjectives more intense when we form comparative and superlatives. Argumentative. that's long adjective. Ar-gu-men-ta-tive, five syllables. And when someone's argumentative, they like to argue. This is arguing, when you fight with your words. When you say someone is argumentative, that's not positive description. Argumentative, more argumentative, the most argumentative. But what happens if want to make the adjectives weaker? Argumentative, less argumentative, the least argumentative. Sandy, Paul and Ryan. They're all argumentative people. But chose Paul to be my study partner because he is the least argumentative. Expensive. More, the most, less, the least. My new car insurance plan is less expensive than my old one. In fact tried to get the least expensive plan could find. Normally we use less and least with long adjectives, but it's possible with short adjectives. Let me choose, hot. Friday will be the least hot day of the week. And don't try to form double comparative or superlative. Hot, hotter, the hottest. But we wouldn't say hot, less hotter, the least hottest. Here have bar chart of popular pets in the USA. Dogs are the most popular pet. Dogs are more popular than cats. But let's make this more interesting, it's small difference. could say dogs are slightly more popular than cats. Dogs are way more popular than rodents. Rodents are animals like this: hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, mice. Those are rodents. Rodents are the least popular pet on this chart. But fish and birds are the same. What can we say? Fish are as popular as birds. As, adjective, as. The same. want you to remember my AAA rule. AAA, three letters the same. As, adjective, as. That grammar gives you the same. Okay, another chart, same different. Today is as cold as yesterday. As, adjective, as. The same. Well, can make this negative. Today is not as cold as yesterday. can say yesterday was colder than today. There are lot of options, it's all about variety. Buses in my town are as frequent as the trams. The same. Buses in my town are not as frequent as the trams. Buses are less frequent, trams are more frequent. For me, dancing is as relaxing as reading. For me, dancing is not as relaxing as reading. Reading is more relaxing. Dancing is less relaxing. Common mistake: You are as taller than me. We see little combination here. You don't want to combine the grammar. We can say you are taller than me, or you are as tall as me. If you remember the AAA rule, you'll never confuse comparing, and similarities. know there's been lot of information in today's lesson but let's look at two more things before the test. You know this: big, bigger, the biggest. This is what you see on all charts everywhere. But want to tell you about using: the with comparative, and not using the with superlative. Which slice of cake would you like? want the bigger slice. That's not so polite. Could have the bigger slice, please? We can use the structure: the, comparative, noun, when we're comparing two things. That's also possible. Olive and Melissa are sisters, they're both on the swim team. Olive is the faster swimmer, but Melissa is the better student. got two job offers, chose the more challenging one. We've looked at the with comparative, now let's look at replacing the with superlative. We often use possessive form before superlative. What do mean by that? Well let me give you few examples. think Angels and Demons is Dan Brown's best book. Dan Brown's, possessive. His best book. Correct. diamond ring my grandma gave me is my my most precious possession. My, that's possessive adjective. What are some other possessive adjectives? Your/his/her/it/our/ their. Espresso box is my town's, my town's smallest cafe. So are you ready for test? Here's my test for you, 10 questions. Please choose the correct option for each question, pause the video to do this. Here are the answers. How did you do on the tests? Please let me know your scores in the comments below. Thank you so much for watching today's lesson, I'll see you next time. Bye!!!