Hoe Europa delen van China koloniseerde

at certain point in history european countries ruled the world we can see it here on this map of areas of the world which have at any given time been under european control the vast majority if not all of these times of control took place during the area of colonial empires most of the world map is in green meaning that it was under direct control of europe most of north and south america africa australia and southeast asia were under the circumstances only few exceptions exist those which were in european sphere of influence maintaining their sovereignty these were persia afghanistan nepal bhutan and mongolia and those which were never colonized by europe only liberia siam or thailand korea and japan and those which were under partial european control or influence according to this map the only three in that situation were turkey saudi arabia and china in this video we're going to focus on china and learn how european powers at one point held great power over the country despite never fully colonizing it we're going to do this by understanding two things one which european countries ruled parts of china and how they managed to do so and two which areas they ruled and in what way throughout i'll also choose couple specific examples to focus on in little more depth because think they're very interesting and somewhat representative of the rest and allow us to get general idea about this we also need to point out that both the united states and japan also held colonial control of some chinese regions in similar or even equal way to the europeans i'm going to include these on the list because don't think it makes much sense to leave them out even though japan is completely different case in some aspects due to its geographical proximity to china and u.s examples are very few the type of colonialism that china saw take place in its territory was called concessions the concessions had extra territoriality meaning they were not subject to local laws or rule having instead those of its ruling western powers and were essentially exclaves inside key cities in addition to those and in their majority european colonies in china were effectively 3d ports precisely the port cities in china that were opened to foreign trade where these western powers could have some type of representation in this map we can see them they are the ones with the yellow boxes around the names these ports existed both on the ocean coast but also throughout the country's rivers in red dots are the initial ports of full foreign control what arthur and talian of the russians up north kiyauchao of the germans wei haiwai kowloon and hong kong of the british sorry for mispronouncing these macao of the portuguese and kuang cha one of the french although this number grew immensely and had other concessions added to them as we'll see ahead the ways in which european powers were able to hold these concessions were too either through military victory over the chinese forcing the concessions through the unequal peace treaties or through trade deals which were also somewhat beneficial for the chinese and which took place with their consent it all began with the treaty of nan king in 1842 peace treaty which ended the first opium war between the united kingdom and qing china won't get into the war itself that's too long of story but if you can accurately sum it up please leave comment below after defeating the chinese the british forced them to open up their ports to external trade up to this point all foreign trade in china had to go through single port canton which the chinese controlled although macau was also kind of open as we'll see ahead the treaty of nan king was one of the many unequal treaties between the chinese and western powers as well as japan which often followed military defeats of the chinese forcing them to both open up their economy to foreign trade but also their territory to foreign control although in some cases they seem to have done this out of their own will for economic or diplomatic gain for instance much earlier in 1557 the chinese leased macau to portugal the chinese still ruled it and only in 1887 did it become de facto colony of the portuguese following other ones that had eventually been established as such the session of hong kong was also agreed upon soon after as crown colony but hong kong also differed from these trade ports it was instead leased territory indeed the foreign powers obtained not only the right to trade but truly colonial control over each concession de facto temporary annexation in addition to hong kong this also happened in quantum today liaoning with the russians and japanese in vehi and qingdao with the british and german respectively and also in guanzoan today zhanjiang with the french in total there were lot of concessions both in leases and through trade ports to at least 10 countries these countries were great britain france germany portugal belgium austria hungary italy japan russia and the united states the british were by far those with the most concessions around 12 then the japanese with eight it's important to note these sometimes changed rulers and so the full number of foreign concessions isn't just an addition of these numbers france and russia each had six germany three the us had two and portugal belgium and austria-hungary each had one in total around 40 sessions overall i'm basing this count of the wikipedia article on this subject if you notice any mistakes please let me know in the comments this additional map shows us the areas of influence that each of the top 5 colonial powers in china had the british area in green along the yangtze river and around hong kong the french rising up from the colonies of french indochina the japanese in the coastal areas around taiwan and the russians in manchuria the germans also had lot of influence in the shandong peninsula this was the main area of german influence or control in the country in the kiachu bay territory in 1860 prussian expeditionary fleet arrived in asia and explored that region around jazobay the following year the russian chinese treaty of peking was signed it seems each of these areas of influence corresponds to the major sessions of each of these five countries in china and the other colonial powers had very minor presences american concessions were limited to the international settlements in tianjin and shangai italy belgium and austria-hungary were limited to tianjin as well and the portuguese to macau and speaking of tianjin and shanghai there were also areas which these nations ruled together specifically the shanghai international settlement the beijing ligation quarter the city of tianjin and the gulang yu international settlement let's take look at these specific areas the shanghai international settlement originated from the merger in the year 1863 of the british and american enclaves in shanghai one of the ports the british forced the chinese to open with the treaty of non-king but unlike hong kong or macau foreign powers did not hold full sovereignty they only ruled these specific areas and so they created municipal council to serve their interests the french also had territory beneath it its municipal seal depicts number of foreign flags including that of norway sweden denmark portugal prussia and other western powers as more foreign powers entered into treaty relations with china their nationals also became part of the administration of the settlement around 14 countries were involved the united kingdom the united states japan france italy norway sweden denmark the netherlands spain portugal peru mexico and switzerland the international settlement came to an abrupt end in december of 1941 when japanese troops stormed in during world war ii the gulang yu international settlement was the only other one with this denomination after the first sino-japanese war of 1895 japan came to occupy taiwan in order to prevent japan from further aiming for xiamen the area in which kulungyu was located the qing government began to float ideas of seeking international protection and asked european powers to protect the area which was in part already occupied by the british this led to the creation of the settlements in 1902 the consoles of britain the united states germany france and many other countries signed the golangu the limitation charter and together ruled the settlement although also through its municipal council it also came to an end with world war ii as it did in fact most concessions in china especially the british in 1943 there was sino-british tree for the relinquishment of extra territorial rights in china although it's important to mention that most british land in china at this point was occupied by japan so it wasn't that hard for them to give them up the beijing legation quarter was different it was the area in beijing where number of foreign legations were located legislations are somewhat similar to embassies although arguably less important in this quarter rule was effectively done by the foreign power station there up until its creation china didn't want european diplomatic presence in the imperial capital however after their defeat in the second opium war the convention of peking required the qing dynasty government to permit diplomatic representatives to live in beijing and so starting with the uk france and russia total of 11 countries established themselves in the area in around 1900 the boxer rebellion took place in china an anti-colonial movement and the legation quarter was besieged by boxers and the qing army for 55 days the siege was lifted by multinational army the eighth nation alliance which marched to beijing from the coast and defeated the chinese army in series of battles beijing was then occupied for more than one year by the foreign armies and foreign influence grew even more in the following years and finally the other settlement that was ruled by many powers janjin opposed to kulankyu or shengai which were ruled indirectly through their municipal councils or beijing which only saw western powers control quarter of the city together jianjin effectively had territorial concessions for each of the present european powers we can see it on this map of the city france great britain germany japan belgium russia italy and austria-hungary each had part of the territory under their control the ways in which each country attained their concession was different for instance austria-hungary's was through its participation in that eight nation alliance that took down the box rebellion which we mentioned earlier they sent four cruisers and 296 soldiers and as compensation gained this concession the same happened with belgium just like with belgium or austria-hungary italy's tianjin concession was the only one in the country but it was granted by the chinese government directly the americans didn't have an official concession and theirs was apparently incorporated with british one but it de facto existed germany's concession was lost after world war one began china quickly took it over themselves and the rest of the german concessions throughout china were also lost when the war ended with them being given to japan by the antand without the permission of the chinese those were the four internationally ruled settlements in china effectively colonies with shared custody if you will other notable sessions were for instance macau which mentioned earlier arguably the first european colonial presence in china being under some type of portuguese control since 1557 all the way to 1999. both the first and last european holding in china when they first arrived they attempted to take land by force but were defeated by the ming dynasty armies however later on they actually allied with the ming to help them defeat local pirates after this they were allowed to settle in macau and establish trade from there the kingdom of portugal declared right of sovereignty over macau in 1783 and included it as part of their territory in its 1822 constitution in 1887 china recognized portugal's perpetual right to own and rule macau as long as they did not give it to third party like the anton eventually did with german possessions eventually portugal itself offered to retreat from macau and return it to china although the area like many other former concessions is still full of european culture and influence there were also few additional planned concessions that were planned but never happened due to various reasons the british would have gotten 5 more japan 4 france 2 and the us won so those were the european and also japanese and us concessions in china there are so many of them that can't really get into all of them in detail but think through this we were able to understand how they began both with the commercial interest of china of which macau is initially an example but mostly through the unequal treaties forced upon them by european powers that defeated them in battle beginning with the british in the first opium war forcing them to open up their trade to the west with the establishment of trade boards and also opening the door to full-on sessions either through leases or concession agreements which established de facto colonies such as hong kong if you want more in-depth video about european presence in china please let me know in the comments also leave comment with your opinions about this any corrections you might have or any additional information we can all learn from subscribe if you want and will see you next time for more general knowledge