المحاضرة 48 قياس التنمية البشرية II GEM مؤشر التنمية الاجتماعية ومؤشر أهداف التنمية المستدامة

Welcome back, dear learners, to the 12-week Swyam book course on Indian economic development. Dr. Amisha Gupta from Department of Economics, going to discuss about measuring human development. This is 10th week. And in this week we have already discussed about some measurements of human development. Today we are on our third lecture, which is the second part of measuring human development. Here, in this lecture, we are going to discuss about three indices, that is gender empowerment measure, social progress index, and sustainable development goal index. Today we will discuss about the concept note of all these three indices, their relevance, and their measurements. Before starting, first we will see that we are talking about human development measurement. Here, human development measurement resides on four pillars, that is equity, productivity, empowerment, and sustainability. Here, if we talk about equity, it refers to making equal access of opportunities available to all. Secondly, if we talk about sustainability, that means continuity in the availability of resources to all. Next, if we talk about productivity, productivity refers to efficiency, mainly in context of human labor productivity. And finally, we talk about empowerment. If we talk about empowerment, that means to have power to make choices. Now, our first index under measuring human development is the gender empowerment measure. If we talk about gender empowerment measure, it is an index developed by United Nation Development Program to assess gender equality specifically by focusing on women's opportunities and participation in economic and political life. The need to include gender sensitive measures of human development was recognized after 1990 and it was included under Human Development Report in 1995. At that time, two measures were included, that is gender development index and gender empowerment measure. Here, we have already discussed about gender development index. So, today we are going to discuss about gender empowerment measure. Now, the goals of human development cannot be achieved without the development and empowerment of women. However, the reality that women face is that of disparities in access to and control over resources. The need to include gender sensitive measures of human development was recognized in Human Development Report in the period of 1995. The gender empowerment measure was intended to measure women's and men's abilities to participate actively in economic and political life and their command over economic resources. Now, let's see what are the dimensions of gender empowerment measure. The major dimensions of gender empowerment measure is distributed into three components, that is political participation and decision-making power, economic participation and decision-making power, and last is power over economic resources. We will discuss it one by one. Now, the political participation and decision-making power will be measured by women's and men's percentage shares of parliamentary seats. Further, economic participation and decision-making power will be measured by two indicators, that is women's and men's percentage share of positions as legislators, senior officials, and managers. And women's and men's percentage shares of professional and technical positions. And the third dimension was power over economic resources, which is measured by women's and men's estimated earned income in terms of purchasing power parity. Now, we can discuss the dimensions in detail, that is the very first dimension, that is political participation and decision-making power, is indicated by the percentage share of parliamentary seats, the percentage share of seats in legislator, percent share of seats in Zila Parishad, percent share of seats in Gram Panchayat, percentage candidates in electoral process in national parties, and percentage electors exercising the right to vote. Here, would like to mention that this particular dimension, that is political participation and decision-making power, is indicated by these six parameters, and these are the indicators for which 1/6 for each indicator will be shared for the this dimension. Second dimension is economic participation and decision-making power, for which indicators are percentage share of officials in service in Indian administrative service, Indian police service, and Indian forest service, as well as percentage share of enrollment in medical and engineering colleges. Further, third dimension is power over economic resources, for which three indicators were given, that is percentage share of operational land holdings, percentage of females and males with bank accounts in scheduled commercial banks, and percentage of female-male estimated earned income share per capita per annum. Here, this particular table has been retrieved from gender human development indices, recasting the gender development index and gender empowerment measure for India. Next is measurement of the gender empowerment measure. Here, after discussing about the dimension, the gender empowerment measure can be measured with the help of two steps. That is, the in very first stage, the percentage for both genders will be calculated in each area and combined into equally distributed equivalent percentages to reflect equality or inequality. repeat that it was these three dimensions were calculated for different genders, that is for male and female separately, and then combined into equally distributed equivalent percentage, which refers to as EDEP. And further, after this, the Gender Empowerment Measure is the unweighted average of these equally distributed equivalent percentages, combining the three dimensions into single score for international comparison. Further, this Gender Empowerment Measure lies in between 0 to 1. Gender Empowerment Measure, if it is close to 1, then it indicates higher gender empowerment and greater equality between men and women in political participation, economic decision-making, and control over resources. However, if Gender Empowerment Measure value approaches to 0, then it indicates lower gender empowerment and larger gender disparities in these dimensions. This is scale allows comparison across countries to assess relative levels of women's empowerment and gender equality in decision-making power and economic power. While Gender Empowerment Measure was influential, however, it has certain limitations and because of that limitations, in 2010, it was replaced by Gender Inequality Index, which covers the additional area such as reproductive health and broader labor market participation. Now, we will discuss about the key reasons for replacing Gender Empowerment Measure with Gender Inequality Index. First is focus on outcomes and losses. Unlike GEM, which mainly measured opportunities and agency, Gender Inequality Index captures actual inequalities in outcomes between women and men, which reflect how gender inequality results in losses to human development. Next is because of broader coverage in Gender Inequality Index. Here, in Gender Empowerment Measure, only three dimensions were taken care of, but besides that, reproductive health and labor market participation has been included in the Gender Inequality Index, which means its coverage is broader than Gender Empowerment Measure. Further, narrow focus of GEM. If we talk about GEM, it mainly focused on women's empowerment in political and economic positions, which ignored broader prospects of gender inequality that affects the majority of the society. And finally, limited dimensions. If we talk about dimensions, we have discussed that different kind of critical factors such as reproductive health, like maternal mortality rate, adolescent birth rates, has not been included in Gender Empowerment Measure, which is included in Gender Inequality Index, which are crucial for understanding gender inequality in more holistic manner. Next is Gender Inequality Index. What is Gender Inequality Index? Gender Inequality Index is composite measure developed by the United Nation Development Programme to quantify gender disparities across various dimensions of human development. Now, from this diagram, which has been retrieved from UNDP website, can be seen that different dimensions of gender inequality index. Here, we can see that there are three dimensions, that is health dimension, empowerment dimension, and labor market participation. Here, the indicators for different dimensions are for health, maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rate, and for empowerment, female and male population with at least secondary education, as well as female and male shares of parliamentary seats, and finally, for labor market, indicator was female and male labor force participation rates. Now, for each and every three dimensions will be calculated, that is health dimension. Second one is female empowerment index and female labor market index. But, friends, here, the point to be noted is that that for each gender, different indices will be calculated, that is for female, female gender index will be calculated, and for male, male gender index will be calculated using all three dimensions. Now, how it is being calculated? For calculation, there are three steps, that is first, the indicator will be selected, and normalization means to calculate the dimension in such measure that it represents single value. Further, second step is to aggregation within gender groups. Here, for each gender, geometric mean of indicators across the three dimensions are calculated to create female and male dimension indices. And further, the third step, that is female and male indices are combined using harmonic mean to produce the equally distributed gender index. And finally, that the single value will come upon that will range from 0 to 1. If the value approaches to 0, that means that there is perfectly equality in between men and women. And if it approaches to 1, that shows complete inequality, that is there is high disparity among men and women. Gender Inequality Index thus measures the percentage loss of potential human development due to gender disparities in these three critical dimensions. Now, key points of Gender Inequality Index. The latest Gender Inequality Index ranking is for year 2022 with Denmark at top, followed by Norway and Switzerland. In case of India, the rank of India is out of 193 countries, which is certain kind of improvement over 2000 year 2021 with score of 0.437. Further, India has improved its rank by 14 places since 2021. That indicates that the gender equality in India is increasing. Next is Social Progress Index. If we talk about Social Progress Index, it is comprehensive tool that can serve as holistic measure of country's social progress at the national and sub-national levels. The report aims to provide systematic account of the social progress made at all levels in the country. Here, the social progress index for states and districts of India was released by Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister as well as this social progress index was compiled by the Institute for Competitiveness and social progress imperative. Now, what is the relevance of social progress index? This report provides systematic account of the social progress made at all levels in the country with state and district bikes rankings and scorecards. Further, it also throws light on achievements of the districts that have performed well on the index and the role of states in achieving social progress. Next, special section of the report provides an analysis of the aspirational districts of India leading to broader understanding of the social progress at the grassroot level. And finally, the report will act as critical enabler and tool for policy makers in coming years for achieving sustained economic growth. This shows that systematic account of the social progress made in our country has been shown with the help of this social progress index. Next is dimensions of social progress index. Here, there are only three dimensions for social progress index which have 12 indicators. That is, for basic human need is the first dimension which is assessed by the performance of state and districts in terms of nutrition and basic medical care, water and sanitation, and personal safety and shelter. Further, second dimension is foundation of well-being. If we talk about foundation of well-being, it evaluates the progress made by the country across the components of access to basic knowledge, access to information and communication, access to health and wellness, and environmental quality. And finally, the third dimension is opportunity, which which is focused on personal rights, personal freedom and choice, inclusiveness, and access to advanced education. This Social Progress Index is scored on scale of 0 to 100. Now, key findings of Social Progress Index, which was released in the year of 2022 by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. This Social Progress Index was compiled by the Institute of Competitiveness and Social Progress Imperative. And this report dwells on India's performance based on global Social Progress Index that is brought out by Social Progress Imperative since 2013. The Social Progress Index for different states and districts was being discussed. Puducherry was that state who has highest Social Progress Index, and Jharkhand and Bihar were the lowest one. If we talk about basic human needs, Goa, Puducherry, Lakshadweep, and Chandigarh are the top four states with the best performance in water, sanitation, and shelter. If we talk about foundations of well-being, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Goa have emerged as the best performing states for the foundation of well-being. And for environment quality, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Meghalaya are the top three states. Next is the Sustainable Development Goal Index. Let's talk about the Sustainable Development Goal Index. The Sustainable Development Goal Index are set of 17 goals with 169 targets and 304 indicators, which was adopted by United Nations General Assembly as part of 2030 agenda for sustainable development. They are intended to address variety of global issues such as poverty, gender inequality, climate change, and so on. Further, the Sustainable Development Index is comprehensive global assessment tool that measures and tracks the progress of countries towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, which were established by the United Nations General Assembly in the year 2015. It provides scores and rankings based on multiple indicators reflecting socio-economic, environmental, and governance-related goals. There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The very first one is poverty, which reflects that all forms of poverty must be eradicated worldwide. Second is zero hunger, which shows to eliminate hunger and increase food security and nutrition to promote sustainable agriculture. Further, the third one is good health and well-being, which ensures healthy lifestyle and promote well-being for people of all ages. Next is quality education. It ensures that all students receive an inclusive and equitable education as well as opportunities for lifelong learning. Further, the SDG 5 is about gender equality that ensures gender equality and empowerment all women and girls. Sixth one is clean water and sanitation, which ensures that water and sanitation are available to each and every one and managed sustainably. Further, seven sustainable development goal is affordable and clean energy, which ensures that everyone has access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy sources. Eighth goal is decent work and economic growth, which encourage long-term, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent jobs for all. Ninth goal is industry, innovation, and infrastructure, which create resilient infrastructure, encourage inclusive, and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. 10th goal is reduce inequality, which reduces inequality within and between the countries. 12th goal is responsible consumption and production. Here, it ensures the consumption and production patterns as sustainable. 13th goal is climate action, in which immediate steps should be taken to combat climate change and its consequences. 14th goal is life below water which ensures to conserve and sustainably use of oceans, seas and marine resources to promote sustainable development. Further, 15th goal is life on land which is to ensure, protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably and stop biodiversity loss. 16th goal is peace, justice and strong institutions. It encourages peaceful and inclusive societies, ensure equal access to justice for all and establish effective, accountable and inclusive institutions. And the last sustainable goal is the partnership for the goals. To strengthen implementation mechanism and revitalize global partnership for sustainable development. Dear friends, we have discussed these 17 goals in very short manner just because these are also the dimensions of the sustainable development goal index. Now, the sustainable development goal index. If we talk about sustainable development goal index, the score measure progress on scale of 0 to 100 where 100 indicates country has achieved all 17 goals and if that is zero, that means there has been no progress made at all. Now, Sustainable Development Goal Index measures overall countries progress using those 17 indicators which we have just discussed, and these 17 indicators are taken as single goal for single indicator. This limited number of indicators aims to minimize statistical biasness related to missing time series data across countries. The five criteria has been used in selecting indicators suitable for inclusion in the report. The very first one is their global relevance and applicability to broad range of country settings, statistical adequacy to represent valid and reliable measures, timeliness, the indicators are current and published on time schedule, coverage, data is available for at least 80% of UN member states with population greater than 1 million, and distance to targets must be measurable. Now, the methodology to calculate Sustainable Development Goal Index, it comprises of three steps. The very first step is to establish performance thresholds and sensor extreme values from the distribution of each indicator. That means each variable was rescaled from 0 to 100, with zero denoting worst performance and 100 describing the optimum. Further, second step is to rescale the data to ensure comparability across indicators. Here, this particular value has been normalized. How it can be normalized? It can be normalized by converting the upper and lower bounds in scale of 0 to 100 so that rescaling rescaling range can be determined in between these values. And finally, the act to aggregate the indicators within and across sustainable development goals. Further, there are certain limitations of sustainable development goal index. Here, the basic limitation is that that due to change in indicators and refinements in the methodology over period of time, sustainable development goal index rankings and scores from one edition cannot be compared with results from previous editions. That means if two reports of sustainable development goal index were there, we cannot compare these two reports because the indicators and refinements are differently used in different methodology. Next is key points of sustainable development goal report 2025. The very first one is the sustainable development report publish the global sustainable development goal index annually. It assess 193 United Nation member states and rank their progress on the basis of 17 sustainable development goals. This year, this report includes 102 global indicators and further 24 additional indicators specifically for OECD countries dashboards due to better data coverage. This report, that is sustainable development goal report 2025, is published by United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. As discussed, this index includes score on each of the 17 goals, which is derived from range of indicators tracked over time. And here, the score always ranges from 0 to 100, where higher score indicates greater progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. And if it approach to 0, that means there is worse performance. The index includes scores on each of the 17 goals derived from range of indicators. Further, according to the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 10th Sustainable Development Report 2025, India ranked 99 in the Sustainable Development Goal Index. It The point to be noted here is that it is the first time that India has come under the 100 ranking with score of 67. Here, they are where data were collected for 167 countries, and India has gained score of 67. This shows significant improvement from its previous ranking. That is, in 2024, it was ranked 109. In 2023, it has 112th rank. And we can say that there is improvement in this year for Sustainable Development Goal Index. That means India is performing well for achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Next, global commitment to the SDGs is strong, which shows that 190 out of 193 countries have presented national action plans for advancing Sustainable Development Goal. That means for achieving 17 Sustainable Development Goals, these 190 countries are the doing well in their areas. Further, East and South East Asia has outperformed all regions in sustainable development goal progress since 2015. Further, it has been also found that European countries continue to top the sustainable development index. That is, Finland ranked first and 19 of the top 20 countries are from Europe. Yet, even these countries face significant challenges in achieving at least two goals, which includes those related to climate and biodiversity. And finally, from Asia, China and India have entered under top 100 performers. Next is most of the UN member states have made strong progress on targets related to access to basic services and infrastructure, including mobile bra- broadband use, access to electricity, internet use, under-five mortality rate, and neonatal mortality. Five target also shows significant reversal in the progress since 2015. And these are obesity rate, press freedom, sustainable nitrogen management, the red list index, and the corruption perception index. Finally, the Sustainable Development Goal India Index was conceived in 2018 by NITI Aayog, which is mainly for monitoring the framework to track the progress of Sustainable Development Goal implementation in the country. Finally, we can conclude that the Sustainable Development Goal Index serves as policy tool for government and developmental organization to identify gaps, monitor progress, and promote targeted inter- interventions. It fosters transparency and comparability, which encourage countries to learn from each other. Thank you.