grade 9 geography lesson 3 English medium

Hello everyone and welcome back to Nova STEM Plus. Today we're diving into lesson three of grade nine geography spatial changes of development in Sri Lanka. In this lesson, we'll explore what true development means, how we measure it using indicators like income, health, life expectancy, and literacy, and why development is not the same in every district of Sri Lanka. Stay tuned as we uncover the reasons behind these differences, and why balanced development is so important for our future. What is development? Development means progress in people's lives. It's not only about economic growth like roads, factories or money. It also includes social and cultural progress, better education, health, housing, food and human freedom. UNESCO 1978 said development is the improvement of both economic and social conditions, enough food, good health facilities, education and housing, social security, leisure and human dignity. So true development means improving the quality of life of people. Two indicators of development. We can't see development directly. That's why geographers use indicators to measure it. The main ones are per capita income shows the average income of person in country. Formula per capita income equals total national income divided by midyear population. Per capita income equals midyear population divided by total national income. Higher per capita income means better living standards, more food, clothes, housing and facilities. Example 2009 in Sri Lanka. Colombo rupees 51,070 highest bataloa rupees 22,844 lowest. Monoragula rupees 22,161 also low national average rupees 36,451. This proves income is uneven across districts. Infant mortality rate IMR number of babies under one year who die per 1,000 live births. low IMR means good health services and nutrition. Example 2010 Kilini 0.9 deaths very low excellent health care kutura 3.3 deaths bataloa 25.1 deaths highest weak health facilities this shows health services are stronger in some areas weaker in others life expectancy at birth average years newborn is expected to live reflects nutrition health care lifestyle and living conditions sample 2002 in Sri Lanka national average approximately 74.2 years women 78.6 6 years longer life men 72 years hamanto male 76.9 female 82.3 highest anorapura male 66.5 female 76.1 lowest shows how regional health care and living standards affect lifespan literacy rate percentage of people above 15 years who can read and write reflects access to schools educational opportunities and social equality example Sri Lanka urban 94.7% rural 91.8% 8% estate 74.3% literacy is high in urban areas but much lower in estate areas due to poverty and poor facilities. Three spatial variations in development in Sri Lanka. Even though Sri Lanka is small island development is not evenly spread. Western province Colbo, Gampaha, Kalutura, highest development. More industries, schools, hospitals, businesses. Colombo is the administrative and commercial capital. Rural districts, Monreala, Baticala, etc. Lower income, fewer job opportunities, poorer health and education. Estate sector, lowest literacy and income. Workers often lack proper housing, nutrition, and schools. North and East development slowed due to past war and less investment. Four, why is development unequal? Several reasons explain spatial inequality. Uneven natural resources. Fertile land and minerals not everywhere. Population density. Urban areas attract more businesses and jobs. History of conflict. War in north and east. Reduced growth. Urbanization. Colombo is the center of industries and services, infrastructure, better transport, electricity, water supply in urban areas. Five, the importance of balanced development. Development should not only be concentrated in Colbo or few cities. Every district must have equal opportunities. Balanced development reduces poverty, prevents migration to cities, and creates harmony in society. Development equals improvement of income, health, education, and overall well-being. Indicators like per capita income, infant mortality, life expectancy, and literacy help us measure it. In Sri Lanka, development is uneven. Some areas like Colombo are rich while others like Baticala and Monorala are poor. Estate sector is especially behind in literacy and health. To achieve true national development, Sri Lanka must focus on regional balance, giving all areas equal chances to grow.