الحضارة الإغريقية الإمبراطورية اليونانية وثائقي

In the ancient historical period about 2500 years ago Greece was one of the most important countries in the ancient world due to its abundance of thinkers, writers, warriors athletes, artists, architects and painters in addition to the greatest philosophers that were ever known to the human history throughout the whole ages! We welcome your suggestions and recommendations for topics, which we can present, that agree with the policy of our channel The history mentioned that the beginning of the human settlement in Greece was about 40,000 years ago And life at that time was primitive and simple Those who lived in that historical period did not leave any evidence of civilization as with the conventional concept of the ancient world's civilizations as they lived on hunting and agriculture Historians said that the Greek civilizations began with the "Minoan" civilization which is the first great Greek civilization that was established in the period between 2200 and 1450 B.C. and its main center was on the island of "Crete" It was known as the "Minoan" civilization after their king Minos This geographical spot was located between two seas: "the Aegean Sea" and "the Adriatic Sea" It consisted of Greek Peninsula, Aegean island, Crete island, and Asia Minor Beach It was not known by "Greece" or "the Greeks" as it is now but it was known as "the land of Hellas" which was its first and original name Its people were called "Hellenes", after the land of "Hellas" Later on, the Romans were the first to call the Hellenes as "the Greeks" and the reason for this name was that the Romans derived this name from the “Graekoi tribe” which was the closest Greek tribes to Italy, and from which they derived the name “Gareki" As for the name “Yawon”, it was used for the southern coast of Minor Asia then the Arabs changed the name to "Greece" What distinguishes the Greek people in this historic period was their awareness and culture as the Greeks were cultured people so it is not surprising that the greatest and most famous philosophers, throughout the history, were Greeks The Greek culture was able, through its abundant intellectual production to influence the surrounding people of the ancient world As it expanded and spread to many countries that the Greeks arrived to it during their travels and sailings for trade or during their exploration of new lands which gave great opportunities for their spread and this opened doors for the Greeks to spread their culture in many countries of the ancient world The Greeks were able to spread in many countries as they lived in continental Greece and the Greek islands and in many scattered colonies around the Mediterranean Sea There were also Greeks who were living in Sicily, in Italy Turkey, North Africa, and in the far west of France Many factors - in that period of time in history - paved the way for the Greeks to establish their civilization, including: First, The Greeks benefited from the heritage of the earlier civilizations as they borrowed some of the foundations and elements of civilization from the ancient Arab civilizations such as Pharaonic, Phoenician civilizations and the others Second, Adopting the principle of "freedom of thought" which made creative atmosphere for intellectual ingenuity which in turn led to the emergence of number of geniuses in various fields such as (literature, art, philosophy and history) Third, The Greeks' adherence to have their freedom, their rights and their eagerness to participate in public life Fourth, Geographical factors contributed in great way in the rise and prosperity of the Greek civilization as it is located along the Mediterranean Sea which is considered, with its eastern and western parts suitable for the growth and advancement of civilizations Fifth, the presence of fertile soil, moderate climate and abundant water in Greek cities and its numerous beautiful and picturesque islands Sixth, the ingenuity of the Greeks in trade as their ships roamed the Mediterranean Sea carrying goods and transporting the influences of the cultures between its shores Seventh, the rivalry that occurred between the various Greek cities which in turn, contributed in the advancement of the Greek civilization on the paths of progress and prosperity The golden age of Greek civilization Athens became, in the late 6th century B.C., the center of the Greek culture and it was able to retain it for about 200 years Arts, and literature in particular, flourished during the period from 461 B.C. until 431 B.C. Those 30 years are often called "The Golden Age" During this period of their civilization's history the Greeks were able to produce an intellectual civilization that still influences the contemporary world in various fields, including: 1- Literature Greek literature is considered the oldest national literature and the most influential literature in the world Ancient Greek literature became model for all the literature that followed starting with "Latin literature" Greek writers presented many prominent literary styles including lyric and epic poetry, comic and tragic drama articles, philosophical propositions, critical history, biography, and literary letters 2- Epic poetry The two epics of "Iliad" and "Odyssey", of the Greek poet (Homer) are among the most prominent Greek epics Greek intellectual production also played prominent role in lyric poetry elegiac poetry, dramatic literature and historical literature in addition to their construction of many wonderful temples and their establishment of the first democracy of governance in the ancient world Also, the Greek civilization contributed to many discoveries in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics The concept of ‘the atomic universe” or “the atomic theory of the universe” appeared for the first time in Greece and both “Democritus” and “Leucippus” were the first to develop this theory The Greeks also introduced the method of scientific research which is still being followed by scientists today for the first time through the work “Thales of Miletus" The Latin alphabet came from the ancient Greece after it was introduced to the region during the Phoenician colonization in the 8th century B.C. Among the most famous Greek figures, who enriched humanity with many sciences, are: Hippocrates: He was physician Euclid: One of the greatest mathematicians He was called "the father of geometry" and he is the author of book called "The Elements" (Al-Anasir) which is the most influential book in the history of mathematics Archimedes: He is Greek mathematician Pythagoras: One of the greatest mathematicians and his famous theory remains to this day which is the basis for many calculations in astronomy, physics, and mathematics Homer: He is Greek poet and writer Plato: He is famous Greek philosopher Alexander the Great: One of the greatest kings throughout history He was known for his bravery, courage, and strength Aristotle: Greek philosopher and the tutor of "Alexander the Great" Socrates: One of the most famous Greek philosophers and he was the professor of Aristotle The most important feature of the Greek civilization in its various stages are those political manifestations that were based on different philosophy from what was known in the earlier civilizations where Greek philosophers such as "Socrates, Plato and Aristotle" engaged in deep philosophical discussions about the state's issue and its relation to the society the best form of the state and the relationship between the ruler and the governed The Greek regimes went through several stages starting with the monarchy stage then the stage of aristocratic regime followed by the minority rule stage then the stage of absolute individual rule system Until it reached the stage of the democratic system that is the stage in which Greek cities knew the councils that represent the people, their classes, guarded their interests and prevented the deviation of its governments Nevertheless, there were some exceptional circumstances in which dictatorial regime appeared in some cities under the pretext of facing the threat of external war or difficult conditions On the religious and ideological side there were many Gods among the Greek there was (Zeus) the Lord of gods (Abu Lon) Lord of light (Artemis) the symbol of perfection and wisdom (Aphrodite) or (Venus) the goddess of beauty whose statue is currently located in the Louvre Museum in Paris (Metz) the goddess of reason and wisdom and (Hera) the goddess of family, marriage and stability and other deities that the Greeks named to include multiple aspects of their social life Greek civilization were able to present philosophers to the whole world whose research are still being taught in universities all over the world in search for knowledge and truth who contributed in putting the foundations of the democratic ruling system Greek thinkers were able to identify many of the characteristics of the human thought And we can point out here that many of the terms used nowadays by thinkers and politicians are Greek terms such as: monarchy, aristocracy, democracy oligarchy or minority rule, demagoguery and other terms that are considered the basic templates of contemporary political sociology After all that, we find that the result of the flourishing of the Greek civilization with its wonderful intellectual heritage its beautiful monuments, and its eternal moral expressions all of these things have become the solid roots of many aspects of contemporary human civilization Copyrights reserved for Atlas channel