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bro daddy the ball yeah go on don't worry just throw it well male anatomy has always been sensitive subject not just on the playing field but also in anatomy class grab yourself cup of coffee and stay tuned as we learn about the male reproductive system in today's tutorial we are going to learn all about the male reproductive organs which are divided into two groups the internal and the external reproductive organs along the way we will discover the functions of each organ and the functions of the male reproductive system as whole to finish off today's tutorial we will also take look at clinical scenario to help apply and consolidate our knowledge so without further Ado let's begin before we dive straight in let's take quick look at the main functions of the male reproductive system as whole the male reproductive system has multiple functions including the production storage and transfer of gametes otherwise known as sperm along with hormone secretion and sexual pleasure as previously mentioned the male reproductive organs can be divided into internal and external organs we're going to explore each of these groups individually but first let's just get sneak preview starting with the internal organs this group consists of the testes epididymis spermatic chord ductus deferens ejaculatory duct and several accessory glands including the seminal glands the prostate gland and the Balbo urethral glands next the external organs include the penis and the scrotum all right are you ready to get down to the nitty-gritty great let's begin with the internal reproductive organs the testes singularly known as attestus are the primary male reproductive organs these two oval-shaped structures reside in the scrotum and are responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone the testes contain lobules that are primarily composed of seminiferous tubules separated by fibrous interlobular scepter each sector extends from the mediastinum of the testers to the innermost layer of the external covering of the testes the Tunica alpacinia the seminiferous tubules are thin coiled tubes entwined with one another and are the cytospomatogenesis notably the testes are located external to the abdominal cavity and within the scrotum as the normal internal body temperature is too high for spermatogenesis to occur normally located within the mediastinum of the testes is another delicate tubule Network known as the reti testers the ready testers functions to transport sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ductules which we'll meet in few minutes surrounding this network of tubules and SEPTA is tough fibrous capsule known as the junica albuginea the Tunica albedinia together with the interlobular scepter forms the connective tissue framework of the testis sip official to the Tunica albuginea is layer known as the Tunica vaginalis the tunic of adenalis is closed peritoneal Sac composed of two layers and inner visceral and an outer parietal layer the visceral layer of Tunica vaginalis lies on the external surface of the testes just superficial to the Tunica albuginea it surrounds the surface of the testis except at the attachment point of the epididymis and spermatic cord which we'll learn about shortly the parietal layer of the Tunica vardinalis is the most external layer of Tunica vaginalis it is looser and extends in superior Direction creating cavity between the visceral and parietal layers the fluid within the cavity of the Tunica vaginalis allows the testers to move freely within the scrotum the tunic of adenalis also extends to encase the other internal reproductive organs that we will discuss next within the scrotum external to the testes and surrounding the Tunica vaginalis are three more fossil coverings these coverings are extensions of the anterior abdominal wall which surround and extend along the spermatic cord to encapsulate the testes the external coverings of the testes from Deep to superficial include the internal spermatic fascia the cremasteric fascia and muscle and external spermatic fascia attached to the posterior surface of each testis outside the Tunica albuginea and contained within the Tunica vaginalis is the epididymis this firm and highly coiled tube consists of series of ducts and is the site of spermatozoa maturation and Storage straight efferent ductules extend from the retty testis to transport sperm to the epididymis the epididymis is divided into three parts the head the body ends the tail which is continuous with our next structure the ductus difference the ductus deference also known as the vas deferens is long tube with thick muscular wall and relatively thin lumen the ductus deferens is continuation of the tail of the epididymis from here it transports sperm through the inguinal Canal within the spermatic cord and into the pelvic cavity let's briefly pause here to talk about the spermatic chord this tubular structure suspends each testus in the scrotum this chord traverses the abdominal wall by passing through the inguinal Canal on its way to and from the testis and primarily contains the ductus deferens along with the associated neurovasculature as previously mentioned the spermatic cord is surrounded by extensions of the anterior abdominal wall which include the internal spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia and muscle and external spermatic fascia which also extend over the scrotum as the ductus difference travels through the inguinal region and into the pelvis it courses alongside the bladder and medial to the ureter the final part of the ductus deferens is better examined from posterior perspective in this image we can see the bladder and the ductus deferens passing medial to the ureter before enlarging to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens it then terminates by joining the duct of the Sentinel gland to form the ejaculatory duct before we move on you may have heard of vasectomy procedure that sterilizes males this involves cutting and removing part of the ductus deferens tying off both ends and often culminates in recovering on the couch with frozen bag of peas cracking on we have the first of the three accessory glands in the male internal reproductive organs the two seminal glands otherwise known as the seminal vesicles are elongated obliquely orientated structures located between the bladder and the rectum importantly the seminal vesicles do not store sperm rather they secrete seminal fluid fructose-rich alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as they pass through the ejaculatory ducts this fluid provides sperm with energy source and coating agent to neutralize the acidity of the vagina and cervical mucus these secretions from the seminal vesicles comprise the bulk of the semen making up around 70 of the volume of ejaculate we've now reached the ejaculatory duct which is paired structure formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the seminal gland on each side shortly after this Union these ducks Pierce and pass through the prostate and empty into the prosthetic part of the urethra now taking Central View and looking at this coronal section let's take moment to point out the anatomy we have the prostate gland located below the bladder and the penis we can see the urethra running through these structures zooming in we can clearly see the slit-like openings of the ejaculatory ducts which empty into the prosthetic part of the urethra transitioning back to sagittal view we encounter our second accessory gland the prostate gland this chestnut-sized gland sits at the neck of the bladder and surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra as you can see in this coronal section the prostate gland produces and secretes Milky fluid that aids in the motility and activation of sperm this prosthetic secretion comprises the remaining 30 of the volume of ejaculate while as you may recall from couple slides back the seminal vesicles provide about 70 of the ejaculate's volume note that spermatozoa make up marginal percentage of the total volume of semen taking an even closer look at the prostate you will be able to appreciate the fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding this gland which contains its blood vessels and nerves moving on to the prostate's inferior neighbor we find the third and final pair of accessory glands the Balbo urethral glands also known as the Calpers glands these pea-sized glands secrete clear watery fluid that lubricates the urethra in preparation for the passage of semen from this sagittal view we can see the bubble urethral glands located just inferior to the prostate and posterolateral to the intermediate part of the urethra the bulbou urethral glands empty into the posterior aspect of the urethra at this point since we've mentioned the urethra quite bit up to this point let's take few minutes to dive deeper into this structure the male urethra is muscular tube that is both part of the urinary system by evacuating urine from the bladder and the reproductive system as passageway for male ejaculate the male urethra which we can see in this coronal section is comprised of four parts the preprostatic urethra or intramural part is the initial part of the urethra that starts just after the internally urethral orifice next we have the prostatic urethra which is the portion of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland continuing on there's the membranous urethra or intermediate part which connects the prosthetic urethra to the spongy urethra and finally the spongy part which is also known as the penile urethra this is the part of the urethra contained in the Corpus spongiosomerectal tissue of the penis that opens to the outside through the external urethral orifice with the internal organs all wrapped up let's now turn our attention to the external reproductive organs let's begin with the male copulatory organ the penis this organs functions are reproduction by serving to introduce sperm into the female reproductive system during intercourse sexual pleasure and micturition since it conveys the urine away from the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice to be expelled from the body the penis is made up of three parts the root the body and the gland's penis in this inferior view we can examine the root of the penis which consists of the bulb as well as the crorer of the penis the root of the penis is formed by the proximal expansions of two kinds of erectile tissues the Corpus spongiosum and corpora cavinosa the bulb of the penis is formed by the proximal expansions of Corpus spongiosum while the crore of the penis are formed by the paired corpora cavernosa here we can see these structures in coronal view with the bulb and Kura of the penis highlighted in green ing to our inferior view the body of the penis makes up the majority of the organ and is similarly composed of three masses of erectile tissue the paired corpora cavanosa ends the corpus spongiosum finally the third part of the penis is known as the gland's penis this enlarged bulb-shaped tip is the most distal part of the corpus spongiosum the gland's penis is also covered by the foreskin also known as the prepuce circumcision is removal of the foreskin so circumcised males have no covering over the glands at last we have reached the other external organ of the male genitalia which we've mentioned several times now the scrotum this wrinkled Sac is covered externally with thin pigmented skin the dartis muscle and fascia which are an extension of The Superficial fascia of the abdomen make up the next layer internally the scrotum is composed of the same layers of the spermatic cord the scrotum houses the testes epididymis and the distal part of the spermatic cord including the ductus deferens so now that we've learned all about the male reproductive system let's have ball with clinical scenario perhaps you've heard of the medication Viagra or you've seen TV commercial pertaining to males having difficulty achieving erections in any case erectile dysfunction is common condition that impact most individuals with male anatomy transiently at some point particularly those who are elderly that said it is by no means non-existent in younger individuals and is probably under-reported the failure to achieve erection spontaneously or with adequate stimulation is the definition of erectile dysfunction given the mechanism of erection is actually very complex the cause of erectile dysfunction is multifactorial some common causes however are arterial insufficiency that itself can manifest from many different medical conditions psychogenic disturbance and prior surgeries namely prostate removal which is also known as prostatectomy now what can be done for this problem Consulting doctor or urologist is recommended treatment will depend on the cause but some treatments include psychological therapies encouraging communication oral medications such as sildenafil the active ingredient in Viagra supplementation for low testosterone vacuum erection devices self-penal injections into the body of the penis or penile implants go ahead and give yourself pat on the back as you've mastered the male reproductive system before you move on to the next tutorial let's quickly summarize everything that we've learned today we first covered the internal organs of the male reproductive system starting with the testes which are the male gonads responsible for producing sperm and testosterone next we looked at the epididymis where sperm is stored and matures then we talked about its continuation the ductus deferens moving on we discussed the spermatic chord specifically how it contains the ductus deferens and travels through the inguinal canal now into the pelvic cavity we looked at the first pair of accessory glands the seminal vesicles which Supply secretions making up most of the ejaculate then we talked about how the ductus deferens and seminal vesicles unites to form the ejaculatory duct which pierces and enters the second accessory gland we discussed the prostate gland we subsequently covered the bulbous urethral glands which produce lubricating fluid as part of the ejaculate rounding up the internal organs we looked at the urethra which is passageway through which semen and urine pass we also mentioned its four parts the prepostatic part the prosthetic part the membranous part and the spongy part continuing on we explored the external layer of reproductive organs beginning with the largest component the penis we reviewed how the penis can be divided into the root which is made up of the bulb and the crewer the body which is made up of the paired Corpus cavernoisin and the Corpus spongiosum as well as the glands which is covered by the prepuce or foreskin finally we looked at the scrotum which houses the testes epididymis and the distal part of the spermatic cord to conclude our tutorial we looked at the clinical condition known as erectile dysfunction specifically we discussed how this inability to achieve an erection is caused primarily by arterial insufficiency to the penis psychogenic disturbance and prostatectomy and that's it see you next time and Happy studying but don't let your learning stop there visit kenhub.com where you can read interesting articles test your knowledge with challenging quizzes explore our Atlas with beautiful anatomical images or watch more video tutorials like this one yes you'll find everything you need to master anatomy in no time go on click the button you know you want to