Learn English A1 to B2 in 4 Hours (Complete English Grammar Course for Beginners)

In the next 4 hours, you will learn all the English grammar concepts you need to advance from the A1 level to the B2 level. Welcome back to J4 English. Of course, I'm Jennifer. Now, let's get started. First, let's review the three most common verbs in English, the ones you will use every day. Be, do, and have. We'll start with be first in this master class. Let's review the verb to be. The verb to be can, of course, be used as the main verb in sentence. Now, don't worry about taking notes because summarize everything in free lesson PDF. And at the end of this lesson, I'm going to quiz you, so make sure you watch until the end. The verb to be is the main verb. As the main verb, let's review it in the present simple. Now, it has irregular conjugations. know you're thinking, Jennifer, know this, but correct these mistakes with my most advanced students. So, pay attention. The conjugations are am. You, we, they are. He, she, it is. am happy. So, we use the verb to be for states and emotions. What about you? am right now. am. Fill in the adjective. Hopefully, it's positive one. And put it in the comments. am what? Put it in the comments. Practice that verb to be. You are my friend. He is happy person. She is doctor. It is raining. We are students. They are tired. Native speakers use the verb to be in the contracted form. You should use it too to sound more natural, especially in spoken English. I'm happy. You're my friend. He's doctor. She's doctor. It's raining. Where students? Notice that pronunciation where. Where students? They're tired. as the main verb in the past simple. It also has irregular conjugations. The subjects he, she, it use was. You, we, they use were. was there yesterday. He was great leader. She was at the party. It was beautiful day. You were late. We were happy. They were in the garden. Let's look at the future simple. The structure is subject will be. Now in this case will is the auxiliary verb and be is the main verb. But the conjugations don't change. So this is very easy verb tense. will be there tomorrow. You will be surprised. He will be ready on time. She will be at work. It will be sunny. We will be waiting. they will be happy. Now, let's look at the verb to be as the auxiliary verb in the present continuous. I'm reading book. He's watching TV. They're being helpful. The structure here is subject and then you need the verb to be in the present simple. So, you have those three options depending on the subject am, is, and are. And then you need your verb in ing which is the present participle. Let's review all the conjugation options for the verb to be. In the infinitive of course to be the base verb be. You get rid of to present simple am, is, are. Past simple was, were, present participle being. Past participle been. And notice that pronunciation in American English. It's been been. Let's review that last example. They're being helpful. This is the present continuous. So, we have our verb to be in the present simple as the auxiliary verb conjugated with the subject they are. And then we have the present participle. So, we have our verb be in the ing form which is being. They're being helpful. The verb to be is the auxiliary verb in the past continuous. He was watching TV. They were studying for the exam. The structure here is subject was were conjugated with the subject plus the present participle your verb and ing. Let's review the future continuous. She will be sleeping at that time. They will be working on the project. This one's easy because you already know how to conjugate the future simple. So, you take that subject will be and then you add on the present participle, your verb in ing. Are you enjoying this lesson? If you are, then want to tell you about the finally fluent academy. This is my premium training program where we study native English speakers from TV, movies, YouTube, and the news so you can improve your listening skills of fast English, expand your vocabulary with natural expressions, and learn advanced grammar easily. Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach. You can look in the description for the link to learn more, or you can go to my website and click on finally fluent academy. Now, let's continue with our lesson. Let's review the verb been, which is the past participle. And remember that pronunciation. Repeat after me. Been. Been. This is used in the present perfect tense when be is the main verb. For example, he has been to Paris. They have been friends for years. The structure here is subject have or has conjugated with the subject. And then the past participle with the verb to be is been. The past perfect tense also uses been when the verb to be is the main verb. She had been in line for hours. So here the structure is subject had and then your past participle. So for the verb to be that's been. The verb to be is also used in the passive voice. Now for the passive voice this is when the focus is on the recipient rather than the subject of the action. She ate the cake. Is this the passive or the active? This is the active because the subject she is doing the action. She ate the cake. Now, want you to change this to the present passive voice. Can you do that? How would you start? She ate the cake. So, we take the object the cake. We use the verb to be. Is eaten. The cake is eaten. And then you can include by whom? By her. But that's optional. So you already know your conjugations for the verb to be in the present simple. So of course you need to change them based on the subject. She ate the cake. What's that in the past? The cake was eaten because the cake is conjugated as it. It was eaten by her. How about the present perfect passive voice? Can you get this one? The cake. The cake has been eaten. And the past perfect. The cake. The cake had been eaten. And how about the future? The future passive. The cake. The cake will be eaten by her. You should know how to use the present passive and the past passive because they are the most common. So, focus on those two. The verb to be is also used in the subjunctive and native speakers use this specifically in hypothetical unreal situations. What do you think about this sentence? If were you, I'd apologize. What do you think? Does it sound strange, unusual? were, isn't it? was. was busy yesterday. in the subjunctive, it always uses were. If were you, if she were you. All subjects use were. But native speakers don't always follow this rule. And it's very common to hear native speaker say, "If was you, if was you, I'd quit." So don't be surprised, but on grammar exam, your IELTS, you should definitely say, "If were you," because that is the correct grammatical rule. Now, you know all the conjugations you need to know, but remember, the verb to be is also used in many expressions and idioms. So, I'm going to teach you some common ones, but we're going to do this as quiz at the same time. To be on cloud nine, this means to be extremely happy or elated. She on cloud nine when she passed her IELS. Now, how can you complete this sentence in the past simple? She on cloud nine. Put it in the comments. She was on cloud nine. Did you get it? To be in hot water. This means that you're in trouble. They have in hot water lately. Complete the sentence with the present perfect. Do you know what this is? They have. Put it in the comments. They have been in hot water lately. Did you get that correct pronunciation? been to be in the same boat. This is in the same situation or circumstance as someone else. We in the same boat. Easy, right? Present simple. What's the answer? Put it in the comments. We are in the same boat. This is easy for you. To be on the ball. This means to be alert, competent, wellprepared. If he had on the ball, he wouldn't have lost the client. third conditional. How can you complete the sentence? Put it in the comments. If he had been on the ball, to be under the weather. This means to be sick or unwell. Thankfully, under the weather last week. Complete the sentence with the past simple negative. Past simple negative. Thankfully put in the comments. Thankfully wasn't under the weather last week. Notice use that contraction was not wasn't to be out of the woods. This is when you have successfully overcome difficult situation. we out of the woods yet? Doctor, complete this with question in the present simple. we out of the woods yet? What's the answer? Are are we out of the woods yet? Easy, right? To be piece of cake. This means to be very easy. This lesson piece of cake. This is question in the past simple. this lesson piece of cake. Was this lesson piece of cake? Now to answer you can say yes it was or no it wasn't. So what do you think? Put your answer in the comments. Yes it was. No it wasn't. Our last question. How are you doing so far? To be in good company. This is when you're surrounded by people you admire. So in this community we're in good company. Now your test question. in good company is great way to cheer up. You need to complete this with gerand statement. in good company is great way to cheer up. What's the answer as the gerand? It's the verb ing. Being being in good company is great way to cheer up. So how did you do with that quiz? Share your score in the comments. Amazing job. Now, let's keep going and review the verb to do. First, let's review the conjugations. Don't worry about taking notes because summarize everything in free lesson PDF. You can find the link in the description. And pay close attention because I'm going to quiz you throughout this whole lesson. So, the conjugations are irregular. The infinitive is to do. The base verb do. The present simple is do or does conjugated with the subject. The past simple is did, the present participle doing, and the past participle done. First, let's review the verb to do as the main verb. It's the main verb in the present simple, which is used for routine, actions, activities, and tasks. As bonus tip, you can use an adverb of frequency because this is the present simple. For example, do the dishes every day. Every day is the adverb of frequency. In English, the verb do is used with many common activities, but there are also other activities that commonly use the verbs go or make. Some common activities that you do are the dishes, chores, homework, laundry, taxes, your makeup, hair, you do cooking, you do shopping, do yoga, pilates, exercises, stretches, and you can do puzzles. Those are some common activities that you do. So, why don't you try? do every day. Choose one activity and put it in the comments. do every day. Put it in the comments. You often do yoga. So here the adverb of frequency is often. Here or she sometimes does puzzles. They rarely do exercises. We never do chores. Now never means zero times per week. So you could also say we do not do chores. That's the negative. And to form that contraction, we don't do chores. And that will help you sound more natural. We don't do chores. Wouldn't that be nice to say we don't do chores? So notice all subjects use do except he, she, it uses does. Now let's review the present continuous. This is for actions taking place now and planned future actions. So, here are all those examples in the present simple. Let's change them to the present continuous. do the dishes every day. In the present continuous, I'm doing the dishes right now. You can add that keyword to say is taking place right now. You often do yoga. What would this be in the present continuous? Maybe you're doing yoga next week. planned future action. She sometimes does puzzles in the present continuous. He is currently doing puzzle. Currently is another key word for the present continuous. They rarely do exercises in the present continuous. They're not doing exercises now. The negative here, they're not. So notice for the negative you just add not. We never do chores in the present continuous. We aren't doing chores tomorrow. Planned future action in the negative. In this case, the negative is in contraction. Let's look at the past simple for past actions. The structure is subject plus did. It's did for all verbs. In the negative, it's did not do. And then as contraction, didn't do. Didn't do. So, here are the present continuous examples. Let's turn them into the past simple. Instead of I'm doing the dishes right now, did the dishes yesterday. Instead of you're doing yoga next week, you did yoga last week. He's currently doing puzzle in the past simple. She did puzzle recently. They're not doing exercises now in the past simple. They didn't do exercises today. Today, you can use as past simple reference. If today is finished, so maybe say this at 9:00 p.m. They didn't do exercises today. And notice that contraction didn't do. They didn't do. We aren't doing chores tomorrow in the past simple. We didn't do chores this morning. And again, this morning is in the past if right now it's 5:00 p.m. Let's look at the present perfect, which can be used for completed past action that has present consequence. The structure is subject plus have or has. So the verb have is the auxiliary verb plus not if you're making it negative. And then you need your past participle. So if the verb to be is the main verb, it would be done. So here are the past simple examples. Let's change them to the present perfect. know you can do this. did the dishes yesterday becomes have done the dishes. And now you need keyword for the present perfect. We can use already. You did yoga last week becomes you've done you have you've done yoga recently. He did puzzle recently becomes he has done he's done puzzle recently. You can keep the keyword recently. They didn't do exercises today. They haven't done. So the negative have not contraction. They haven't done exercises today yet. You can add yet as keyword for the present perfect. We didn't do chores this morning becomes we haven't done chores and you can leave it there or you could say yet. Now let's review when the verb to do is used as the auxiliary verb. This is done to form yes no questions which of course you're very familiar with. Do you like this video? Do you do you like this video? So to answer in the short form, you can say yes, do. So make sure you like this video. Yes, do. Yes, like this video would be the full answer. But of course, you could say no. No, do not. But you can form contraction. No, don't like this video. Remember with the subjects he, she, it, you need to change do to does. This is for questions as well. Does he, does she watch Forest English videos? What's the short answer? Yes, she does. So, in the short answer, you remember you still have to conjugate your verb with the subject. She does. He does. The full answer is yes. She watches he watches Jforest English videos. And in the negative, no, he doesn't. Does not. She doesn't watch JForest English videos. In the past simple, could ask you, did you watch my video on the verb to be? So, did you? In the short form positive, you can say yes, did. And remember, it's did for all subjects. The full answer is yes, watched your video. So, you put your verb in the past simple. In the negative, no, did not. No, didn't watch your video. Now, here's something that native speakers love doing. We love using the emphatic form to answer or ask questions. could say, "Make sure you subscribe to my channel for more great lessons." Now, to answer this statement or respond to this statement in the past simple, you could say, subscribe, Jennifer. subscribed." To make this an emphatic statement, you add the auxiliary verb do conjugated with the time reference. In this case, the past simple. Jennifer, did subscribe. So, the structure is subject plus did plus base verb. did subscribe. And this simply emphasizes the action. Maybe you say to your friend, "Let's go to the movies because she doesn't like hiking." You could reply and say, "She likes hiking." That's the present simple. Or you could say she does like hiking, which is the emphatic present simple, which native speakers like using. So the structure is subject plus do or does depending on the subject. You already know he, she, it does, she does plus base verb. Let's try this with question. could ask you, does this lesson make sense to you? Now to answer in the present simple, you can say it makes sense. It being this lesson, it makes sense. Or you can sound more dramatic and say it does make sense, which is the emphatic present simple. Only use this structure if you want to emphasize what you're saying. Now, let's review how to form tag questions. You like my videos, don't you? In the short answer, you can say yes, do. Yes, like your videos. The full answer. How about the emphatic answer? You can say yes, do like your videos. If you want to respond negatively, you can use the adverb actually to show contrast. Actually, don't like your videos. Let's practice with different subject. She doesn't work today, does she? So notice negative positive. And then before it was positive, negative. She doesn't. Does not doesn't. She doesn't work today. Does she? In the short form, you would say no, she doesn't. The full answer, no, she doesn't work today. Now, let's say you want to respond negatively and you're going to use the emphatic reply. What would that be? And you can use actually to start. Actually, she does work today. The verb to do is also used to form choice questions when you have different options. For example, do you prefer coffee or tea? But to respond, you just answer. You don't use the verb do unless it's part of the answer. So, you would say, prefer tea." You state your choice. Remember to conjugate that verb in the present simple. Does she want pizza or pasta? Again, you would just answer, "I'm not sure. I'll ask her and let you know." Now, let's review some common expressions with the verb to do. and I'm going to quiz you at the same time. To do someone favor. This is to help someone with task or request. Can you me favor and hit like and subscribe? What's the answer? Can you do me favor? To do business with someone. This is when you engage in commercial activities. I'd love business with Elon Musk. How do you complete this? I'd love to do. You need the infinitive. I'd love to do business with Elon Musk. To do one's best. This is to give maximum effort. She best. How would you form sentence? And let's say it's an emphatic past simple. What would you say? She did do her best. Don't be confused by this. She did do her best. Without the emphatic, the regular past simple is she did her best. To do number on this is to cause harm or damage. the harsh weather last year. number on our garden. How would you complete this? Well, look at that keyword. We have last year. So, know need the past simple. Did number on our garden. Easy, right? To do the dirty work. This is to do unpleasant or morally questionable work. He always gets others the dirty work. How would you complete this? He gets others to do. You need the infinitive to do the dirty work. To do justice to this is to represent something accurately. This photo justice to the breathtaking views we saw. How would you answer this in the negative? This photo doesn't do justice to to make do. This is to survive with whatever is available. The bank didn't approve our loan, but we with our savings. Complete this sentence in the past simple. But we made do. Here do is used in the expression but the verb is make. So that's what you conjugate. But we made do with our savings. What's done is done. This is great expression. This means that you accept that past events cannot be changed. Yes, he stole our clients, but we need to move on. But this is easy because it's an expression. So you just take the full expression. You don't need to change anything. But what's done is done. To do away with this means to eliminate. Why the company away with the dress code? How would you complete this? Why did the company do away with? So it's completed past action. And finally to do the trick. This means to successfully achieve desired result. Thanks, Jennifer, this lesson. Now know how to use the verb to do. How would you complete this? Thanks, Jennifer. This lesson did the trick. Do the trick. So, did in the past simple, did the trick. And hope you would agree with that. Now, let's review our final verb to have. First, let's review all the conjugations of the verb have because you'll need to know these throughout the entire lesson. And don't worry about taking notes because summarize everything in free lesson PDF. You can find the link in the description and I'm going to quiz you at the end. So, pay close attention. The conjugations are in the infinitive to have, the base verb have, the past simple had, the present participle having, and the past participle had. Now, let's review to have as the main verb. In the present simple, have is used for possession or ownership. have two adorable cats. What about you? What is something that you have? have. Maybe it's pet. Maybe it's car. Maybe it's an interesting possession. Share something in the comments below. have. have. Put that in the comments with the subject you. You have turtle. She or he has. Notice that irregular conjugation. He, she, it. We use has. He or she has penguin. Why not? They have kangaroo. We have an iguana. Just remember, take note of this. He, she, it, it uses has. All other subjects use have. This is in the present simple. Let's talk about the present continuous. Now, this is for experiences. What do you think about this sentence? I'm having two cats. So, our verb is have, but it's conjugated in the present continuous. Of course, the auxiliary verb is the verb to be. am. I'm your verb in ing having. I'm having two cats. What do you think about this sentence? This sentence is incorrect because we don't use the verb have in the present continuous for possession. We use it in the present simple. In the present continuous with have, it's about experiences. So with cats, as you saw before, you would have to say, have two cats, even though it's right now. But for experiences, you can say, "I'm having great time." You're having so much fun watching this video. hope that's true. She's having trouble understanding this. They're having party tonight. What about this one? We're having baby. What does that mean? We're having baby. This means we're expecting baby. So, if this was the man talking, it would be, "My wife is pregnant. We're having baby. We're expecting baby." Now, let's review the past simple. This is used for both possession in the past or experiences in the past. had dog when was kid. Ownership, possession in the past. We had so much fun at the party, an experience in the past. She had baby last week. This means she gave birth last week. He had headache yesterday. And experience, you experience headache in the past. Now, let's review have as the auxiliary verb. This is used in the present perfect. have had busy week. The structure for the present perfect is subject have or has conjugated with the subject. You already know that he, she, it needs has. All other subjects use have and then the past participle. Now, in my sentence, have had busy week. My main verb is the verb to have conjugated in the present perfect. That's why there's had. It's the past participle. But no matter what verb you use as the main verb, the present perfect always uses have as the auxiliary verb. You have been very helpful. So the verb be is the main verb and have is the auxiliary. She has won the lottery twice. He has run two marathons. Remember he and she, you need has as the auxiliary verb and then your main verb in the past participle. We have scheduled the meeting. They have left the party. Now, let's review the contractions because these are very important to sound natural like native speaker and to understand us as well. I've, you've, he's, she's, its, we've, they've. Native speakers usually use the contractions when the verb have is the auxiliary verb. Important point, American speakers don't use the contraction when have is the main verb, but British speakers do. have car. remember the first time heard British speaker say this. thought it sounded so weird. have car. Because American speakers would never say that. We would say have car because the verb have is the main verb. But both American and British speakers would say, "I've had busy week." Because here have is the auxiliary verb. Let's keep reviewing have as the auxiliary verb. What do you think about this sentence? She had had meeting with her boss. What do you think? Is this correct? Incorrect? This is correct. Do you know what verb tense this is? This is the past perfect with have as the main verb. Of course, the past perfect is used for past action completed before another past action. So, it's the past in the past. She had had meeting with her boss before she met the client. Two past actions, the past perfect is the first past action, the older past action. You're probably more familiar with they had left by the time arrived. The structure of the past perfect is subject had and the past participle. So all subjects use had and then your main verb is in the past participle. But the past participle of the verb have is had. That's why it's possible to say she had had meeting with her boss. Let's review the contractions and we'll use the verb to leave as the main verb which will be in the past participle left. They had left. So with the subject left. You'd left. She'd left. He left. It is possible with the subject it. It left. So notice it's just itid it. did left. Weed left. They'd left. So, you just add soft to the subject. What do you think about this sentence? Eyed dog when was young. Is this correct or incorrect? Well, this is incorrect to an American speaker because the main verb is have. American speaker would say, had dog when was young." Remember, American speakers don't form contraction when have is the main verb, whether it's the present simple or past simple. But native speakers usually form contraction when have is the auxiliary verb. And have is the auxiliary verb with all the perfect tenses. You already know the present perfect and the past perfect. These are the two most common ones. Let's quickly review the other perfect tenses. For the present perfect continuous, you have your subject. Have or has. Remember has with he, she, it, been, and then your present participle, your verb and ing. The past perfect continuous. you have your subject plus had plus been plus present participle. The future perfect, you have subject plus will plus have plus past participle. And the future perfect continuous, you have your subject plus will plus have plus been plus present participle. Remember, you need to change have to has for he, she, it for the present perfect and the present perfect continuous. In all other cases, the verb doesn't change with the subject. So, you would say they have reserved table. She has reserved table. We have been preparing for the party. He has been preparing for the party. But remember to form those contractions. So, what would the first one be? They have. They've They've reserved table. She has. She's reserved table. We have been preparing. We've been preparing. He has been preparing. He's been preparing. Now, let's review negation with have. So, taking have and making it negative. Let's do this as little quiz. have dog. How would you make this negative? don't have dog. Did you use that contraction? You could say, do not have dog. But native speakers usually form the contraction when have is negative. She has car. What is this in the negative and use the contraction? She doesn't have car. She does not have car. We had some problems at the conference. Was this in the negative? We didn't have any problems at the conference. Did you get the contraction did not have? Didn't have. And did you change some to any? They've had lot of success. What is this in the negative? They haven't had lot of success. Here you can leave lot of. You could also say they have not had lot of success. She's had great day. What is this in the negative? She hasn't had great day. She has not had great day. They'd had problems before the launch. What is this in the negative? They hadn't had they had not had problems before the launch. What about this sentence? have time. How do you make this negative? You could say, don't have time. do not have time. What about this sentence? have no time. What do you think about this? Correct or incorrect? This is correct and very commonly used by native speakers. The structure is subject plus have or has depending on the subject. Remember he, she, it has, no, and then noun. In this case, time. This is used to emphasize the lack of something and to do it in more dramatic way. have no time. You could say, she has no money. This sounds more dramatic than she doesn't have money. We have no ideas. We don't have any ideas. Here ideas of course are thoughts. Thoughts to solve problems. But if you say have no idea. In the singular this means don't know. This is very commonly used by native speakers. So if someone asks you complicated math problem, what's 362 / 3.8? have no idea. It emphasizes it more than saying don't know. This structure is only used in specific situations, but for now you can use it with time, money, ideas plural, or idea singular. Now let's review some common expressions with have. And I'm going to quiz you at the same time so you can practice all of these conjugations and structures that you just learned and learn natural expressions at the same time. To have blast. This means to have great time. We all blast at the concert last time. Complete the sentence with the negative form. Do you know it? We didn't have blast because our keyword is last night. So, you need the past simple to have ball. This also means to have great time. Both are commonly used. If we ball at the conference, we wouldn't have left early. This is the third conditional. Can you complete it? Did you get this one? Well, have is the main verb. So, in the past perfect, which you need, if we had had ball at the conference, we wouldn't have left early. An advanced structure to have the last laugh. This is when you appear to be the loser at first, but in the end, you're the winner. They rejected our proposal, but believe in our product. And know the last laugh. As hint, you need the future simple. Did you get this one? And know will have as contraction. Will, we will. Will will have the last laugh. you'll ultimately be the winner even though it seems like you're the loser right now because they rejected your proposal. To have butterflies in your stomach, this is when you're nervous and anxious before significant event like public speaking. Butterflies in your stomach is normal before job interview. Can you complete this? And as hint, you need the jiren verb. Having butterflies in your stomach. Have as the jiren verb. To have screw loose. This describes someone who is little crazy, but more in eccentric way. She might few screws loose, but she gets results. She might. might is your modal, so you need the base verb. She might have few screws loose. Like Shakira said, "I'm crazy, but you like it." To have lot on one's plate. This means to be very busy, and it's very commonly used. Right now, Tony lot on his plate. This is easy, right? Right now, Tony has because it's possession and you can only use the present simple with possession. Right now, Tony has lot on his plate. To have cow, this is fun one. It means to become very upset. cow is just small scratch on your car. As hint, you need the imperative in the negative form. Do you know how to complete this? Don't have cow. Don't have cow. To have heart of gold. This describes someone who is very kind, caring, and generous. Despite heart of gold, she didn't get the promotion. What's the answer? despite having heart of gold because despite is preposition and you need the jiren verb after prepositions. So, how did you do with this quiz? Share your score in the comments. You will already sound more fluent if you use those three verbs correctly, but let's move on and review the five most commonly used verb tenses in English. Let's review the five verb tenses that make up over 96% of native speaker's speech. The five verb tenses are the present simple, which makes up 57.51% of speech. The past simple, which makes up 19.7%. The future simple at 8.5%. the present perfect at 6% and the present continuous at 5.1% of native speaker's speech. And the total of all five verb tenses is 96.81% of speech. So, let's make sure that you feel very confident using all five verb tenses. And at the end of this lesson, there's going to be quiz to make sure you really understand these verb tenses. So, let's start with the present simple. And pay close attention because correct mistakes from my advanced students in the Finally Fluent Academy. They make mistakes with the present simple almost every time they submit their practice exercises. So, pay close attention. Let's review the structure for the subjects. you, we, and they, you add the base verb. Now, for the subjects he, she, it, you add the base verb plus or And this is one of the most common mistakes that my advanced students make forgetting to add that So, don't forget that for he, she, it subjects. The present simple is used to describe routines, habits in your daily life. For example, eat breakfast every day at 6:00 a.m. It's also used to describe general facts and truths. For example, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. And notice added those s's because the sun is it. He, she, it. You need those s's. It's also used for feelings, emotions, and states of beings. We are very excited for the concert tonight. Now, here's one that most of my students don't use correctly. And the present simple is also used for timetable events, even if that event is in the future. For example, the train leaves at 500 a.m. tomorrow. It's very common to use an adverb of frequency with the present simple, which is one easy way that you can identify it. The most common adverbs of frequency are every day or always for seven times week. Often, usually or frequently for about four to six times week, sometimes for three to four times week. Rarely, or seldom for one to two times week. and never for zero times week. So, let's practice this just for fun. Share something silly that you never do or always do in the comments below. For example, never brush my teeth while I'm driving. So, share something silly in the comments just to have little fun. Now, let's move on to the past simple. To form the past simple, you have your subject and then you have your base verb plus ed or an irregular past simple verb. And there are many irregular verbs, so you simply need to memorize them. The past simple is used for an action that started and finished at specific time in the past. For example, went to the store yesterday. She took shower at 8:00 a.m., but now it is 11:00 a.m. So 8 am is in the past. They ordered pizza for dinner and now it's 10:00 at night, so dinner is in the past. We sang all night, but I'm talking about maybe yesterday or the night before, so it's in the past. Let's review some past simple keywords so you can easily identify when you need to use this verb tense. Yesterday, last week, months, or year, in 2020, at 3:30 p.m., 4 hours ago, on Monday, on July 15th, when graduated, or during the meeting. And remember all of those key words, the action started and finished in the past. Now let's talk about the future simple. Another verb tense see lot of mistakes with. The structure is very easy. You have your struct subject will base verb. It's the same for all subjects which makes it easy. This verb tense is used to make predictions, but when it's based on your opinion, not facts. Argentina will win the World Cup. This is just my opinion. don't know this as fact. Someone else could say, think France will win the World Cup. Notice here added think. It's very common to use an opinion word with the future simple. This verb tense is used for spontaneous actions or decisions, which means they were not planned in advance. For example, let's say you see woman struggling with her grocery bags and she has many grocery bags. You can say, "I'll help you with those bags." You didn't plan this in advance. It was spontaneous action. It's also used with promises, commitments, offers, or refusals. If you say, "I'll send you the report at 5:00 p.m." You're making promise or commitment. It's like saying, promise, I'll send you the report at 5:00 p.m." So, the other person will expect it if you use the future simple. Now, let's talk about the present perfect. verb tense that confuses lot of students, but absolutely you must know how to use it. The structure is you, we, they plus have plus the past participle and you simply need to memorize all the past participles. Now, for the subjects he, she, it, you need to use has as your auxiliary verb and the past participle. Now, did you know that the present perfect is also used with completed past action, but one that has result or consequence in the present. For example, have eaten. That is completed past action. Now, it's common to use already, but it's not required. have already eaten. So, what's the result in the present? So, now I'm not hungry. It's also used for life experience when it's an unfinished timeline. For example, she's been to Panama twice. Now, because she is alive, she can go to Panama again. So, it's an unfinished time reference. Or you could say, haven't seen that movie yet. Yet is key word for the present perfect and we use it in negative sentences. And by saying yet, you're letting the person know that is still possible for you to watch that movie in the future. So, it's an unfinished time reference. Now, the present perfect is also used for an action that started in the past and continues until now, but only with three common verbs, live, work, and study. For example, they've lived in that house for 20 years. They still live there now and it started in the past. It started 20 years ago. Very important point. You can't use specific time reference with the present perfect. You must use the past simple. This is very common mistake that see my students make. So, you can't say, "I've tried sushi last week." Because last week is specific past time reference. So, you would have to say, tried sushi last week." Or you could get rid of last week and say, "I've tried sushi." Let's move on to our last verb tense, the present continuous. The structure is am plus verb in your ing form your gerant verb. You, we, they are plus verb in ing or he, she, it is plus verb in ing. So don't forget you have to conjugate the verb to be according to the subject. The present continuous is used for an action that is currently taking place right now. Now, so could say, "My students are," because the subject is they, "My students are watching my video right now." Right? You're watching this video right now. You can also use the present continuous with the future if it's planned action. planned action in the future. For example, he's attending the conference next month. It's in the future, but it's planned. He's attending the conference next month. Or she's performing at the World Cup in 2026. So, even though it's way in the future, you can still use the present continuous if it's planned event. An important note that you should know because know it might confuse students. Native speakers use the present continuous with always to stress the continuation of something negative. She is always coming to work late. So instead of saying she always comes to work late because always is key word for the present simple, native speakers frequently put this in the present continuous. don't recommend that you do that because it really depends on the context if it sounds correct or incorrect. But grammatically it's always correct to use the present simple with always. So that's what recommend that you do. I'm just sharing this so you don't get confused when you hear native speaker say, "She is always coming to work late." Now you know the five verb tenses that make up 96% of your speech. So, are you ready for your quiz to make sure you really know how to use them? Here are the questions. Hit pause and take as much time as you need. And when you're ready to continue, hit play. Here are the answers. Hit pause, review the answers, and when you're ready to continue, hit play. Now that you're more comfortable with verbs and verb tenses, have to let you know that there are over 200 irregular verbs in English. You've already learned many of them. So, let's keep going and review the top 50 irregular verbs you need to know. Now, as we're going through these irregular verbs, want you to stop when you get to verb that is new to you, and want you to leave an example sentence in the comments so you get some practice with this new irregular verb, and you'll remember it lot better. The first verb is the most common verb in English. The verb to be to be was or were been. Notice for the past simple we have two choices was or were. Your choice depends on the subject. he, she, it was. Yesterday was sick. Yesterday he was sick. Were is for you, we, and they. We were sick yesterday. They were sick yesterday. The participle been. haven't been sick in years. Become became become. Yesterday became sick. Have you become sick? Begin began begun. began the project two weeks ago. Have you begun the project yet? Bring brought brought. She brought chocolates to the party. She had already brought the chocolates by the time came. Buy bought. Bought. She bought new shoes last week. She had bought the shoes before she got the promotion. Choose. Chose. Chosen. Notice the pronunciation difference between our base verb. Choose and the past and the participle. Choose. Chose. Oo. Choose. Chose. Chosen. She chose me for her team. Who had chosen that book. Come came. Come. She came home late. Has she come to the party yet? Do did done. did the chores. Have you done the chores? Drink. Drank. Drunk. She drank the entire bottle. She's drunk two bottles so far. Drive. Drove. Driven. Who drove you here? was driven by my friend. Eat. Ate. Eaten. ate early yesterday. Have you eaten yet? Fall. Fell. Fallen. She fell really hard. She had fallen before it rained. Feel. Felt felt. felt bad. haven't felt fabric like that before. Find. Found. Found. found 10 bucks on the street. Have you ever found money before? Fly flew flown. They flew to Paris last week. I've flown five times this year. Forget forgot. Forgotten. no. forgot to buy milk. Have you ever forgotten someone's birthday? Get. Got. Got or gotten? You can use either one in the past participle form. Got or gotten. Gotten is more common in American English. Yesterday got speeding ticket. Have you ever gotten speeding ticket? Give. Gave. Given. gave her box of chocolates. Have you ever given someone chocolates? Go, went, gone. Such common verb, but hear lot of mistakes with the verb go. Go, went, gone. Yesterday we went to the store. They've been gone for 20 minutes. Have had she had great time yesterday. We've had great time since we got here. Hear heard heard. Yesterday heard the best song. Have you ever heard that song? Keep kept kept. The politician kept his promise. Have you kept your photos from your trip? No. Knew. Known. knew she did it. I've known him for 10 years. Leave. Left. Left. She left at 5:00. She had already left by the time came. Lend. Lent. Lent. lent him some money. Have you ever lent anyone money? Let let let let let let let let let let let. Let let. That one's easy. She let me keep the money. I've let five people into the room so far. Lose, lost, lost. lost their number. Have you ever lost your wallet? Make made. They made terrible mistake. Have you ever made promise that you didn't keep? Meet met. We met last week. Have you met Fred yet? Pay. Paid. Paid. already paid the bill. She had paid the bill by the time got back from the bathroom. Put put That one's easy. put my new shoes in the closet. Have you put away your groceries yet? Read red. Red read red. Notice the spelling is exactly the same, but the pronunciation changes. Read, read, read. Yesterday read my book for 20 minutes. Have you read his autobiography yet? Run ran run. He ran marathon last week. We've run three tests so far. Say said. Who said that? She had said that before our conversation. See, saw seen. saw movie last week. Have you seen that movie yet? Sell. Sold. Sold. We sold our car. Have you sold your house yet? Send. Sent. Sent. We sent the package last week. Have you sent the package yet? Sing. Sang. Sung. She sang in the shower yesterday. Have you ever sung in the shower? Sit. Sat. Sat. She sat down and broke the chair. Have you ever sat beside someone famous? Sleep. Slept. Slept. slept terrible last night. Have you ever slept outside? Speak, spoke, spoken. Who spoke at the wedding? haven't spoken to her in years. Stand stood stood. He stood me up. Have you ever been stood up? When someone stands you up, it means you made plans with someone. usually romantically like date, but the other person didn't show up. They didn't come to the restaurant at 7:00 like they said they would. So, have you ever been stood up or have you ever stood someone up? Hopefully not. Swim. Swam. Swam. swam in the ocean last week. haven't swam in the ocean for five years. Take, took, taken. She took our photo. Have you taken anyone's photo before? Teach, taught, taught. She taught them how to use irregular verbs. Have you ever taught someone how to use irregular verbs? Tell, told, told. She told me the truth. Have you ever told lie? Think, thought, thought. thought it was good idea. Have you thought about moving? Understand? Understood. Understood. understood her explanation. Have you understood all these irregular verbs? Wear, wore, worn. She wore her green dress to the party. She hasn't worn her blue dress yet. Write wrote written. wrote the answer in my notebook. Have you written the essay yet? At this point, you have mastered A1 concepts. So, let's move on to something more advanced. You'll learn everything you need to know about modal verbs. First, let's talk about modal verbs of ability. Can. You know this one already. She can speak four languages fluently or can see the stars tonight. Notice for the structure we have our subject. Then we have the modal verb. And what comes next? The base verb. can see the base verb. can see the stars tonight. You can't say can't. You can't say can to see the stars tonight. Using the infinitive is grammatically incorrect. So remember that structure subject modal base verb. You can use could for past ability. When was younger, could run fast. Now, because you use could, which is past ability, this means that today can't run fast or can't run as fast as could in the past. Notice use the negative and contraction. Today, can't run as fast. So, the structure here is subject, modal, not often formed as contraction. So, pay attention to those contractions. and then the base verb. can't run as fast today. Also, remember that modals are not conjugated. They're not conjugated with the subject or the time reference. So, grammatically they're very easy. So, don't say she can runs. You don't conjugate run with the subject she. You don't conjugate it at all. Of course, without the modal in the present simple, she runs very fast. You would conjugate it. But with the modal, she can run very fast. Let's combine these two together. When was younger, couldn't speak English, but now can. I'm sure that describes you. So, put yes, can. Yes, can. Yes, can. Put that in the comments. Keep in mind that could is also the polite form of can. Could you open the window, please? Notice the sentence structure for questions. We have the modal could, then the subject, could you, and then the base verb, could you open the window, please? You can, of course, use can. Can you please open the window? Could sounds more formal, more polite. Notice the placement of please. It can come at the end of the sentence or after the subject. Now let's talk about permission. Both asking for permission and giving permission. You can use can. Can leave early today? And then to answer you can say yes you can or no you can't. can give you permission and say you can borrow my book. In this case, may is the polite form of can. May use your phone sounds more formal and polite than can use your phone or to give permission. You may enter now. What about this question? May you open the window, please? What do you think about this question? This isn't natural. native speaker would use could. Could you open the window, please? This is because may is not used with the subject you to ask for permission. With the subject you to ask for permission, use could instead. The other subjects you can use may. May open the window? May she open the window? May we? May they open the window. But only for you. Could you open the window? Don't forget that. Let's talk about possibility but not certainty. Might, it might rain today. Could, it could rain today. Keep in mind there is no agreement to what percentage of certainty that might and could represent. So it might rain. What is that? Is that 40% chance of rain, 60%, 80%? There is no general agreement. It depends on how the speaker interprets it. So you would just have to ask the person, well, how likely is it? Should bring an umbrella? And the same goes for could. I'm sure you've noticed by now that one modal can have different meanings. So don't get confused by this. could run. could run fast when was young. This is used for ability. Could you open the window, please? This is the polite form of can. It could rain later. This is for possibility. So, you have to look to the context to understand how the modal is being used. Let's talk about obligation. Must. This sounds forceful or legally required. You must wear seat belt. This is either very forceful strong recommendation from someone like your mother or it is legally required. You must renew your passport. This is something flight attendant might tell you and they do not allow you to fly because your passport is expired and this is an obligation. Native speakers commonly use have to when we want to sound less forceful. have to finish this by tomorrow. We have to start eating healthy. Notice the structure here. We have have to plus base verb. If you prefer, you can think of it as have plus infinitive, which is to plus base verb. Either way, don't forget the to. For lack of obligation, take have to and turn it into the negative. Don't have to. You don't have to complete this form. You do not have to. And then as contraction, you don't have to complete this form. or your boss could say to you, you don't have to finish the report. There's lack of obligation for the structure here. Notice do not, don't have to, and then base verb. Let's talk about prohibition. Things that are prohibited, not allowed, often legally. You can use cannot and as the contraction most commonly used, can't. You can't smoke inside. That's prohibited. You must go outside. That's the obligation. You can't smoke inside. You must go outside. You can't use your phone during the exam. That's the prohibition. You must turn off your phone during the exam. That's the obligation. Cannot as one word is the correct spelling. The incorrect spelling is cannot as two words. So cannot one word or the contraction can't. Let's talk about must not because this is strong recommendation but it is not legal requirement. You mustn't sign the contract. This sounds more like my recommendation because think it's bad idea. You mustn't sign the contract. You must not sign the contract. But that isn't an obligation. If it were, would say you can't sign the contract. You're prohibited from signing the contract. Let's talk about advice. You can use should to give and ask for advice or suggestions. You should study five days per week. You should eat more vegetables. You shouldn't quit your English class. You should not. You shouldn't. Ought to is used to give advice or suggestions. You ought to eat more vegetables, but ought to is not used in modern English. remember my grandma using ought to, but never do. If you do use it, just remember it's ought to plus base verb. You need that to ask for advice or suggestions, use should. Should we partner with this company? Should stop following Forest English? What do you think? Well, to reply, you can say yes, you should. Or no, you definitely shouldn't. Hopefully, you choose that option. Let's talk about shall. So, you're at restaurant. You just finished your meal. You paid for the check. And you can say to the table, "Shall we go? Shall we go?" And it's someone at the table could reply back and say, "We shall." That is the only modern usage of shall, but it is very commonly used to suggest leaving place. Shall we go? Shall we go? So, if you want to use shall, only recommend you use it in that specific context. Let's talk about will and would because they are modal auxiliary verbs. So, they have many different meanings and uses. Will can be used for spontaneous future decisions. will help you move and just decided in the moment. It wasn't something planned. I'll help you move. It can be used for predictions often with think. think it will rain tomorrow. It might rain. It could rain tomorrow. We also use will for promises and commitments. I'll subscribe and I'll like this video. If you say that and you use will, you just made commitment. So, make sure you subscribe and like this video so you don't break your promise. Let's talk about would. It's used in hypothetical situations. would go on vacation if had more time. So just by saying would go on vacation, know it's hypothetical. We use would for polite requests or offers. Would you like me to make more lessons just like this? You can say yes, would or no, wouldn't. We also use would for past habitual actions. Remember, could was for past ability, but would is for habitual action, something you repeatedly did in the past. When was young, would spend hours playing in the park. loved it because could run really fast. So, could is the past ability, but would is the habitual past action. Here's how native speakers have fun with the meaning of modal verbs. Let's say you ask me for something and you say, "Jennifer, could you help me?" native could reply back and say, could." And maybe should, but won't. So, the questioner is using could as polite form of can. Could you help me? But reply native speaker replies as joke. could because we're using it for possibility. could help you. And maybe should help you because it's an advice or recommendation. But won't, which is refusal. So now you know everything you need to know about modals. Let's quiz your knowledge. Here are the questions. Hit pause and take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Here are the answers. Hit pause, review the answers, and when you're ready, hit play. Let's move on to B-level topic and review the difference between know the answer and do know the answer. This is the emphatic form. Native speakers use it frequently and you should know how to use it, too. Let's review our sentence again. know the answer. Of course, this is the present simple. The structure is subject base verb plus or And this is used for facts, states, and routines. You know that, right? Now, let's review. do know the answer. This is the emphatic form of the present simple. So this sentence is still the present simple but the emphatic form. The structure is different. The structure is subject plus do or does conjugated with the subject plus base verb. Now the emphatic form is used to add strong emphasis to show surprise or contradiction or to confirm or insist that something is true especially if someone doubts it. Now let's review an example where you would use the emphatic form to add strong emphasis. could say to you, you've been studying for hours. You do know the answer. So, I'm emphasizing that fact. You do know. You do know. Now, let's review an example to show surprise or contradiction. could say, wow. You do know the answer. I'm impressed." Or, "I'm surprised perhaps." And to confirm or insist that something is true, especially if someone doubts it, this is very common time to use the emphatic form. could say, "You don't have to believe me, but do know the answer." So, I'm insisting this is true. Now, just know grammatically the present simple is always correct and can be used instead of the emphatic form. So, every example give you in this lesson, you can replace the emphatic form with the present simple. But there is subtle difference in meaning between the present simple and the emphatic form. If say you've been studying for hours, you know the answer in the present simple. I'm stating fact. If say you've been studying for hours, you do know the answer. I'm emphasizing fact. Or same thing, wow, you know the answer. I'm impressed. Again, stating fact. wow. You do know the answer. I'm impressed. Stating fact while also showing surprise or that thought you wouldn't know the answer. And that's the subtle but important difference. Or again, you don't have to believe me, but know the answer. Stating fact. You don't have to believe me, but do know the answer. I'm stating that fact strongly to emphasize it in the face of doubt. Remember, you're doubting me. Now, so far, all my examples used the verb know, but any verb can be formed into the emphatic form. Let's review some examples. do go there. Yeah, do go to bed pretty early. do live in Canada. do like pizza. do write emails every day. do cook dinner sometimes, but when do cook, you know, I'm following recipe. do fix my bicycle when it breaks. do jump over fences. do cry during sad movies. That's true. do dream big. do die for coffee. So, any verb you can think of can be used emphatically. But just know only use the emphatic form if you're adding strong emphasis, showing surprise or contradiction, or confirming that something is true in the face of doubt. Use the present simple if you're simply stating fact. So if you just ask me, Jennifer, where do you live?" would reply and say, live in Canada." I'm stating fact. If you say, "Jennifer, where do you live?" and say, do live in Canada." It sounds awkward because there's no reason to emphasize this. But if you say to me, "You don't live in Canada." Well, now can emphasize that something is true and say, "No, no, no. do live in Canada. do live in Nashville, Tennessee." think everybody knows that. So far, all the examples have used the subject But remember in the emphatic form you need to use do does based on the subject. do love pizza. You do love pizza. He does love pizza. She does love pizza. It the dog does love pizza. We do love pizza. They do love pizza. So of course the same rules as the present simple. You use do with you, we, they. Does he, she, it? Third person singular. You already know that. It's the same rule as the present simple. So now you know the difference between know the answer. do know the answer. What about these two sentences? knew the answer. did know the answer. Well, knew the answer. Of course, this is the past simple. did know the answer. This is Yes, you got it. the emphatic form of the past simple. So if you say knew the answer, of course this is the past simple. We have subject plus past verb and this is used of course for completed past actions. If you say did know the answer, this is the emphatic form of the past simple. The structure is different. subject plus did for all subjects plus base verb. And this is used for the same reasons as the present simple. It's used to add strong emphasis in the past to show surprise or contradiction in the past or to confirm or insist something was true in the past especially if someone doubts it. So the exact same reasons why is just the difference in structure between the present and the past. So let's review some realistic sentences. can say yesterday you lifted 50 lb weights. See you did improve. think you really did improve night overnight. So I'm using the emphatic past simple to add emphasis to fact. The fact would simply be, see, you improved. That's the past simple to state fact. Or could say, you did call him. thought you forgot. So, I'm showing surprise or contradiction. Honey, you did call him back. Cuz it's it's really old. If simply say, "You called him. thought you forgot." I'm stating fact in the past, of course. Or if say, did send the report on time," I'm confirming or insisting that something was true. Remember the past, especially if someone doubts me, maybe my co-worker or my boss even. But if say, sent the report on time," I'm just stating fact about completed past action. Remember that in the past simple emphatic form, all subjects use the same structure, so it's easier. And any verb can be formed into the emphatic form in the past simple, just like we saw with the present simple. So you could say, did finish my homework. You did call her last night. He did help with the project. She did find her keys. It did rain yesterday. We did watch the movie. They did arrive early. Also, keep in mind the emphatic form that you've just learned exists in the present or past simple affirmative, which means positive sentences only. So, you can't use the emphatic form with perfect tenses, future tenses, continuous tenses, the negative form or question form. Present simple positive, past simple positive. Now that you know the rules, quite simple, right? Now that you know the rules and the structure, let's quiz your knowledge. You're going to see question and then you need to answer out loud and your answer must use the emphatic form and you'll have to look at the question to decide if you need the present or the past. I'm not going to tell you just to make this quiz more difficult. I'll only give you three seconds. So, of course, feel free to pause the video, think about it, and then hit play when you're ready, and you can say the answer out loud. Question one, you know how to swim. The answer, do know how to swim. You're emphasizing this. And notice my question almost statement but said as question. There's an assumption that you don't know how to swim or there's surprise in this. So that's why you're using the emphatic. Question two. Did he call you yesterday? The answer yes. He did call me yesterday. The question used did. So, you know, it's the past simple and I'm emphasizing the truth of this. Question three. You don't like coffee, do you? The answer, actually, do like coffee. You don't need to add actually or you could say yes, do like coffee or you could simply say do like coffee. And notice in the question again, there's an assumption that you don't like coffee. So that's why you're using the emphatic form. Question four, this might be little tricky. Feel free to pause. Question four, it's okay that you didn't finish the project on time. How would you reply? did finish the project on time. So, the question assumes you didn't and you want to correct that by saying, "No, did finish the project on time." Question five, they never help with the cleaning. How could you reply? They do help. They do help with the cleaning. They do help sometimes. But you could simply say they do help. So again, the question states that they don't and you want to affirm the opposite. Insist the opposite. They do help sometimes. How are you doing with this? Question six. think forgot to lock the door. We should go back and check. What could you say? you did lock the door. saw you. You could add that or maybe you say, did lock the door." So, you're affirming that you did the action. So, the person doesn't have to worry. So, again, the person assumes that the opposite is true and you're emphasizing, you're affirming. Question seven, does she always come to work on time? What could you say? Yes, she does come to work on time. So, you're emphasizing that fact. Question eight, why don't you eat vegetables? You can reply back and say, do eat vegetables. Or maybe add, do eat some vegetables. do eat certain vegetables. So again, the questioner assumes you don't do something and you want to infirm, affirm or insist the opposite. Question nine, we need to discuss why you didn't follow the checklist. You can reply back to this and say, did follow the checklist. did follow the checklist. So again, contrary to what the person believed. And question 10, they didn't attend the meeting last Friday. Did they? You would say they did attend the meeting. Now, you're already comfortable with verb tenses, which is great. So, let's review more advanced verb tenses and we'll review the easier ones, too. We'll review all 12 verb tenses in English. Let's start with the present simple tense. We use the present simple to talk about habits, routines, facts, and general truths. It's the most commonly used verb tense in English, but still see mistakes with it. The structure is really simple. You just use the base form of the verb which is the infinitive without to. But be careful if the subject is he, she, or it, you need to add or to the verb. For example, walk to work every day, but she walks to work every day. cycle to work every day. or they eat lunch at noon, but he eats lunch at noon. These examples are in the present simple because they're habits and routines, things that people do every day. For questions, we use do or does. For example, could ask you, do you watch JForce English lessons every day as part of your routine? So, what's your answer? Hopefully your answer is yes, do, Jennifer. Yes, do. So, put yes, do. Yes, do in the comments. And of course, this answer is in the present simple. How about this question? Do you play guitar or does she notice? Does she like coffee? And for negatives, don't watch much TV. He doesn't go to the gym. go to this gym. Now, forgetting to conjugate the verb with he, she, it is one of the most common mistakes see, even with my advanced students. So, always double check your verb conjugation with the present simple. Now, let's move on to the present continuous. This tense is used for actions that are happening right now or around now and for temporary situations. The structure is subject plus to be conjugated with the subject plus the verb with ing. So you would say I'm speaking to her. I'm speaking to you. She's she is she's working from home this week. They are they are studying for an exam. To form questions, you just switch the order. Are you watching this video? Of course, your verb to be needs to match the subject. Is he coming over later? I'm coming over. And for negatives, I'm not going out tonight. They aren't doing anything wrong. So, notice native speakers use contractions in the present continuous. And one important note, we do not use state of verbs like know or believe in this tense. Use the present simple and say know the answer, not the present continuous. I'm knowing the answer. Let's move on to the present perfect. This tense connects the past and the present. Present perfect. We use it to talk about experiences, changes or past actions that still continue or matter now. Connection to the present. The structure is subject plus have or has conjugated with the subject plus the past participle. The third form of the verb. To talk about past action that matters now, you can say, have seen that movie, so now don't want to watch it again." Well, have seen that movie one or seven times. Or we've already eaten. We have. We've already eaten, so don't want sandwich. This verb tense is very commonly used to ask questions about one's life experience. For example, have you ever tried sushi? So, have you or has he ever managed team? Has he? It's also common to use this tense in the negative to talk about things you haven't done until now. But you can still do it in the future, and that's the important thing. For example, haven't been to New York yet. But because it's an unfinished timeline, the present perfect, you can go to New York next year or even in 10 years. Or you can say he hasn't called yet. But again, it's an unfinished timeline, so he can still call in the future. That's an important point. No, he hasn't called yet. Now, let's look at the present perfect continuous. This tense is used to show how long something has been happening until now. It describes actions that started in the past and continue until now. The structure is subject plus have or has plus been plus the verb with ing. For example, I've been learning English for 2 years. How would you answer that? She has been. She's been working all day. Your best friend has been working hard all day. They've been, they have been, they've been talking for an hour. These actions, they started in the past and continue until now. Using this verb tense stresses the continuation of the action. You can ask, "Have you been sleeping?" Okay? Has he been studying? Again, you're asking about actions that started in the past and continue until now. It could be the recent past or longer past depending on the time reference used. In the negative, you can say, haven't been, have not, haven't been feeling great. haven't been feeling so great. She hasn't been paying attention. Again, remember that certain verbs can't be used in the continuous form. You would use the present perfect and say, "I've known her for years." This shows the action started in the past and continues until now. Because you can't say, "I've been knowing her for years." Because no is state of verb. Now, let's talk about the past simple. We use the past simple for actions that happened and finished in the past. The structure is the subject plus the past tense of the verb. For regular verbs, that means adding ed to the base verb. For irregular verbs, you have to memorize the past verb, but you already know many of them, and you'll learn the ones you need naturally in context. With the past simple, you can use specific past time reference or no time reference. For example, visited regular ed. visited my grandma last weekend. She watched movie. They ate pizza. Of course, you already know that ate is the irregular past simple of to eat. ate pizza crust off the floor. To ask question, we use did. Did you call her? Did they go to the concert? Notice that the main verb is the base verb, not the past simple verb. did is in the past simple. This is common mistake see students make. Did they go to the zoo? And for negatives, didn't like the movie. He didn't show up. Again, did is the past simple verb. Next is the past continuous. We use the past continuous for actions that were happening at certain time in the past or that were interrupted by something else. The structure is subject plus was or were plus the verb with ing. For example, she was sleeping at 1000 p.m. They were studying English all night. These examples show that the action was in progress at specific time in the past. was watching that. Here's an example of an interrupted action. Notice how the action that interrupts is in the past simple. was watching TV when you called. So the action of watching TV was in progress when another action interrupted it. To ask question, you can say, "Were you listening to me?" "Were you listening?" "Was he working last night?" To answer in the negative, you can say, "Sorry, wasn't listening to you." Or, "No, he wasn't working. He was studying English all night." Now, let's review the past perfect. We use the past perfect to show that one past action happened before another past action. You can think of it as the past in the past. The structure is subject plus had plus the past participle. And this is the structure for all subjects. For example, had already eaten when they arrived. Notice here there are two past actions. The first past action is ate and the second past action is they arrived. So to show the past in the past, you use the past perfect for the first past action and say had already eaten when they arrived. Another example, she had left before the meeting started. You don't need to specify the second past action. You can simply say they had finished the game. Maybe it's obvious based on context what the second past action is to ask question. Had you seen that movie before? Had he ever been to Canada? In the negative, hadn't heard the news. She hadn't arrived by the time the movie started. hadn't heard that. She had us checkmated before we even left for Amsterdam. Let's look at the past perfect continuous. We use this to show how long something had been happening before another event in the past. The structure is subject plus had been plus the verb with ing. Again, it's the same structure for all subjects. For example, had been waiting for 30 minutes before the bus came. Notice here it's still the past in the past, but now the focus is on the duration of the action. Again, you don't need to use the second past action. You can say, "He had been working all night. They had been arguing for hours." But in my defense, had been traveling all day. Because this tense focuses on duration, it's most common to use it with time reference. To ask question, had you been studying long? Had she been feeling okay? In the negatives, hadn't been sleeping well. He hadn't been training properly. Remember, this tense helps you show the duration of something before another point in the past. Now, we'll talk about the future simple. We use the future simple for predictions, promises, offers, or decisions made at the moment of speaking. The structure is subject plus will plus base verb. And it's the same structure for all subjects. to make decision at the moment of speaking. You can say, "I'll help you with those banks." This shows it wasn't planned decision. It was spontaneous. To make promise or commitment, you can say, "I'll call you tomorrow." "I'll call you tomorrow." To make prediction, you can say, think he'll get the promotion." Notice said, think." It's very common to use an opinion word when making prediction in the future simple to ask question. Will you call me tomorrow? Listen, have to go. can't explain right now, but will you call me tomorrow? Or will they stay the night in the negative? won't forget. promise. Or he won't like that. Now, let's review the future continuous. We use this to talk about actions that will be in progress at certain time in the future. The structure is subject plus will be plus the verb with ing. Again, it's the same structure for all subjects. Maybe your friend asks you to drive her to the airport and you say, "Sorry, can't. I'll be working at 10:00 a.m. You use the future continuous to let your friend know what action will happen in the future. Other examples, she'll be flying to New York. They'll be waiting for us. Next time they'll be waiting for you. This tense is used to answer the question, "What will you be doing at future time?" You may ask, will you be using the car at 5:00 p.m. tomorrow? Will he be sleeping when get home tonight? In the negative, you can say, won't be going to the party next week," or, "She won't be staying long." This tense is important because it helps your listener imagine what will be happening at future moment. won't be staying long. Next is the future perfect. This is used for actions that will be completed before unspecific time in the future. The structure is subject plus will have plus the past participle. It's the same structure for all subjects. For example, will have finished by 5:00 p.m. They will have arrived by then. These statements offer important information when planning future events. The probe will have arrived. You can ask, "Will you have completed the assignment by tomorrow?" "Will she have landed when we arrive?" In the negative, "They won't have completed construction before winter hits." Or, "We won't have saved enough money by next summer for the trip." We usually use by with this tense. For example, by next week, by the time you arrive. Now, let's review the future perfect continuous. This tense is used to talk about how long something will have been happening before specific point in the future. Just know that in everyday use, this tense is very rare. Why? Because it isn't common situation where you talk about how long something will have been happening before specific point in the future. That's the only reason why it's rare, but of course, it can happen. And for language exams, it's important to know all 12 verb tenses. The structure is subject plus will have been plus verb in the ing form. It's the same structure for all subjects. For example, by next April, all have been working at this company for 10 years. or will have been saving for over year by the time we buy the house. Notice this tense is also commonly used with by plus future time reference. And you can place this at the beginning or the end. To ask questions, you can say, "How long will she have been driving when she gets her new car?" "Will they have been dating for year by their anniversary trip?" And in the negative, she won't have been using the program long enough to be an expert. They won't have been living there long before they move. Again, remember this tense is rarely used in everyday speech, but again, it's important to know for your language exam. You have officially mastered the basics of English grammar. So, let's move on and review some common grammar mistakes see every day. Let's start off with already. We use already to talk about something that has happened or may have happened. So, think about the verb tenses. We're talking about the past and your verb tenses are going to be the past simple or the present perfect. For example, could say, already ate. already ate. Of course, that action took place in the past. Now, you could invite me to the movies and could say, "I've already seen that movie." Present perfect. I've already seen that movie. And of course, it was in the past that saw that movie. Now notice for the placement of already, it's generally placed before the main verb. So now it's your turn. Pause the video and put sentence using already in the past simple and the present perfect in the comments below. Now let's talk about yet. We generally use yet in question form or negative sentence. And your verb tense is going to be the present perfect. As question, you're asking question about the past. So, could ask, "Have you eaten yet?" "Have you eaten yet?" And of course, if you want to answer yes, you would use which one? Yes, I've already eaten. Now, we can combine question and the reply could be in the negative. So, they could both use yet. For example, could ask you, "Have you decided yet?" And your answer in the negative would be no, haven't decided yet. Now, notice the placement of yet. We put it after the main verb. So it's generally at the end of your sentence. All right. So now why don't you try question with yet and then reply to that question and your reply will be in the negative as well. So put those two examples in the comments. Now let's talk about still. We use still to talk about an action that started in the past and continues until now. Your verb tenses are generally going to be the present simple or the present continuous. For example, could say, "I'm still going to the party." So, keep in mind, made decision to go to the party maybe last week. Okay? said, "I'm going to the party." Now, maybe the weather is really bad today, so lot of people aren't going to the party anymore. But want to confirm that this action that happened in the past, my decision, it still applies now. So can say, I'm still going to the party. I'm still going to the party. Now, we use this with routines lot, which is why you'll hear it in the present simple. For example, could say, still go to the gym every day." So, started going to the gym every day in the past, maybe month ago. So, my friend who haven't seen in while wants to know if still go to the gym. And could say, "Yeah, still go to the gym every day." Now notice the placement of still. Just like with already, we're going to put it before the main verb. And you know what to do. Now it's your turn to practice. So why don't you try sentence in the present simple and present continuous and put those in the comments below. Amazing job. Now let's review the difference between do and make. hear lots of mistakes even from advanced students with these two. And there'll be quiz at the end of this section to make sure you really know how to use do and make. Now, let me give you an example sentence. Last night the dishes and dinner. Okay, in this case, what do we need? Do we need do? Do we need make? Put it in the comments below. What do you think we need? Well, first of all, you need to remember that regardless of which one you use, they're verbs. So, you have to conjugate them according to your time reference. So, my time reference is last night. So, know I'm talking in the past. So, need to conjugate my verbs in the past. Last night did the dishes and made dinner. Did you get them right? Now, let's talk about the rules of when you use do and make. First of all, let me give you tip. So, remember this. If we're talking about an action in general, we use do. If we're talking about producing something, we use make. So that's general tip you can follow. But just keep in mind there are specific expressions that require one or the other. So you need to keep those in mind as well. So first let's talk about these general rules. Let's talk about when you use do. We use do with work, chores, and tasks. This is one commonly see students confuse because hear lot of students say, made my homework." made my homework. But you don't make homework. Okay? You do homework. You do job. You do chores. You do task. we use the verb do. Now, we also use do with an unspecified activity. And you're probably very familiar with the question, what are you doing tonight? What are you doing right now? It's general question. I'm not asking about specific activity. We use do. What are you doing tonight? Now, we also use do lot when we replace verb if the meaning is clear. So, in my original example, said, "Last night, did the dishes." Do the dishes. But there's another verb that we can use. You can wash the dishes. Now, because the meaning is clear, can replace the verb wash with do. That might be little more of an advanced thing for you to understand, but just for now, remember this expression, you do the dishes. So, you've already just added one natural expression to your vocabulary because native English speaker, we're not really going to say wash the dishes. we say do the dishes. So now let's talk about make. Remember we use make when you're producing something. So anything that was produced, designed, developed, or constructed, we could use make. For example, could say this t-shirt was made in China. Now, we also use make specifically with food, drinks, and meals. And that's why said, "Last night, made dinner. Can you make me snack? Can you make me smoothie, beverage? Can you make me cup of coffee?" We also use make when you produce an action or reaction from someone. For example, could watch movie and could say, wow. That movie made me made me really sad. That movie made me really sad. It produced reaction within me. Traffic makes me so angry." That's something that lot of people say, right? Here's good one. We use make with plans and decisions. So think of plan could be for example making dinner reservation and with decision you make decision. So could ask you have you made decision yet? Have you made decision yet? Now finally we use make when you produce sounds. For example could say my microphone made really weird buzzing noise. Or could say, "My lights are making this really high-pitched noise." We can also use it with any sort of verbal sounds. For example, at the end of presentation, could say, really like that comment you made about global warming." So, you make comment because that's sound you produce. Now, let's talk about some general expressions that use either do or make. Remember, expressions in English, you just have to memorize them. So, just put these ones into your vocabulary, write them down, and make sure you understand if they use do or make. So, our first one, you do someone favor. So, this is very common expression. could say, have lot of homework to do." Remember, you do homework. Or, have lot of chores to do." You do chores. You do work. have lot of chores to do. Can you do me favor and make the dinner reservation? So, notice use do and make in that sentence. Can you do me favor and make the dinner reservation? Because remember, we use make with plans and arrangements and decisions, but we're using do. Do someone favor. Think of that just as an expression. Do someone favor. So, can you do me favor? Hopefully, you said yes. Now, I'm sure you're already familiar with this expression, but I'll share it anyway. And that's what do you do? What do you do? What do you do for living? But most of the time we don't include for living and we simply say what do you do? And of course I'm asking you about your job and we use do. Now interestingly we have another expression which is make living. To make living. Now, when you make living by doing something, it means that's your primary source of income. So, could say, make living by doing YouTube videos. That's my primary source of income. That's how make living. So, somebody could ask me, "What do you do?" I'm YouTuber. Well, how do you make living? because they might be asking me okay but how do you make money and of course would say make living by recording YouTube videos that's how make living now of course you also make money so you make living which is related to money and then also you make money so again somebody could ask me what do you do I'm YouTuber but how do you make money how do you make money on YouTube Right? That's always the mystery. People want to know that. So, just remember those two expressions. One of them uses do because it's general category, but then specifically almost about producing, right? Thinking toward general category. You make money. You make living. That's more about production. So, we're using make. Now, another one that doesn't really fit into the category, but you can think of it as an expression, and that's make mistake. You make mistake. Okay? So, you don't do mistake. Sometimes hear that you make mistake. It's just an expression. So, you could say, was doing my homework." Or, was doing my taxes." That's another one where we're replacing the verb, which is probably file. was filing my taxes, but we replace that verb with do. was doing my taxes and made mistake. Or we could combine two makes. was making dinner and made mistake. So, just keep that in mind. lot of the time you're going to be mixing and matching in one sentence. I'll leave you with positive expression. Think of this as an expression. And this one's with do. You do your best. Do your best. So if you say, Jennifer, I'm not sure if can pass this quiz at the end of the video. I'm going to say just do your best. It doesn't matter if you make mistake. just do your best. So, that's nice word of encouragement, an expression of encouragement that you can use with someone. If they're feeling little apprehensive or tentative about doing something, you can say, just do your best. It doesn't matter if you make mistake. Just do your best." So, with that, let's get to the quiz. So, I'm going to share the quiz on the screen. You're going to have 10 questions to answer. I'll leave it up for minute. So, just pause the video. You'll need more time. And then after that minute, it will display the answers. So, make sure you let us know in the comments how you did on the quiz. How many did you get right out of 10? Did you make any mistakes? And of course, just do your best. So, now let's do the quiz. This So, how did you do with that quiz? Share your score in the comments below. And let's continue on with our next section. And let's look at the difference between do, did, or does. What's the difference between do, does, and did? Well, you need to understand that all three of these are just different forms of the verb to do. So, the verb to do is the infinitive. Now, do and does are the present simple conjugations of the verb and you simply choose one or the other based on the subject that you have. So if you're forming sentence and your subject is you, we, or they, you need to choose do. If your subject is he, she, or it, so third person singular, you need to choose does. And that's it. That's the only difference between do or does in affirmative sentences in the present simple. But keep in mind that do as verb is used in very specific sentences in the present simple. So for example, you do chores. You do chores. The verb do is what we need to complete the sentence. So could say, do chores every Sunday. This is routine. is in the present simple because my subject is then need do. Now, you can also do homework. For example, do is the verb that we use with homework. Now, could say my sister, which of course is she as subject, my sister does homework every night. Again, this is routine, so need the present simple. My subject is my sister, she, so need does. Now, let's talk about did. Did is the past simple form of the verb to do. And as past simple verb, there's no difference with subjects. So, you use did for all subjects. So, that one is easier to remember. And of course, if it's the past simple, then we just need to make sure that our time reference is in the past. So, could say we did our homework last night. She did her homework this morning. assuming this morning is already in the past because right now it's this afternoon or this evening. So this morning is in the past. She did her homework this morning. So notice it doesn't matter if use we or she. The subject doesn't matter because did is used for all subjects. You just need to make sure that your time reference is past time reference where do and does. Your time reference is going to be routine action. So you're going to hear time references like always, usually every, then you know it's present simple. You're doing awesome. Let's move on and look at later and after. Leader is most commonly used as an adverb and it means at time in the future. It's not specific time. For example, could say I'll wash the dishes. Now, this is just statement about something I'm going to do. You already know it's in the future because used will. All I'll wash the dishes. So if you'd like to add time reference, when will you wash the dishes? You can choose later. And you can say, I'll wash the dishes later. But what does later mean? Does it really tell the person when you'll wash the dishes? Not really, because it's not specific time reference. All we know is that you're not going to do it right now and you'll do it at some point in the future. I'll wash the dishes later. Now, after is most commonly used as preposition. We use after to show the sequence of events. And the sequence of events can be in terms of time, in terms of place or in terms of order. But it is commonly used in terms of time. Sequence of events in time, which means one event is going to happen later than another event. So really, it has that same meaning as later in the sense that it's time in the future. So what's different about them? Well, it's really just the sentence structure and how you use them because after is preposition. So could say, I'll wash the dishes after something else. That's the key. We generally use after and then something else because it shows the relationship between two things. So wash the dishes something else. What's the order of them? Which one comes first? That's how we use after. So could say I'll wash the dishes after watch the movie. So, have wash dishes, watch movie, but don't know the order. And that's what after helps us do, show the order. And in this case, it's order in time. I'll wash the dishes after watch the movie. Now, notice how used full clause, full sentence with subject, verb, and an object. I'll wash the dishes after watch the movie. full clause. We don't need to do that. You can simply have noun as well. So, it could be two objects, just two nouns rather than two actions. So, could say, I'll wash the dishes after the movie. After the movie. Okay. So, you don't have to use full clause. And it's probably very common for native speakers to just use the object and not include the action. I'll wash the dishes after the movie. Now, here's the mistake see students make. They say something like, "I'll wash the dishes later the movie." So, they use later and then they include something, noun, or even clause. You can't do that. You can't say, "I'll wash the dishes later the movie." Generally, we use later. Period. I'll wash the dishes later. And that's it. So, if you want to specify an action or thing that comes next, you use after. And then you can specify noun or an action. I'll wash the dishes after the movie. That's correct. Now, one final thing you can do with after is you can leave out the action or the noun. So, just like I'll say, I'll wash the dishes later. Period. You can do the same thing with after. I'll wash the dishes after. Period. We do this when the context is obvious. So, let's say you and your friend just talked about watching movie. You're sitting on the couch. The you have the remote in your hand. It's obvious. So, when you say, wash the dishes after." Your friend knows that it's after the movie. It's obvious based on context. So if it's obvious based on context, grammatically you can leave it out and then you will have after and just period. You don't have to specify the action or the noun. So just remember probably the most important thing to remember is that you can't say later the movie. You can't say that. That's the most common mistake that see. Amazing job. Now let's talk about cannot as one word, canot as two words and can't. Let's start with cannot as one word. So really pay attention that this is one word and spelling we have two ends but it's in one word. Now cannot is the negative form of the verb can. That's it. Simple as that. So, let's take positive sentence with can. could say, can pick you up at the airport. can pick you up at the airport. That's positive sentence. But if want to make this sentence negative, all need to do is change can with cannot. Remember, one word, two ends. So that would be cannot pick you up at the airport. So to make positive can sentence negative, simply use one word cannot and replace that with can. It's as simple as that. Now let's talk about can't. Notice the spelling. There's one end and it's contraction, right? Every time you see the apostrophe, you know it's contraction. So can't is just the contracted form of cannot. You can think of it as the short form. Now you use it in the exact same way. So we take our positive sentence. can pick you up at the airport. And then to make it negative, we just change it with can't. Can't. can't pick you up at the airport. Can't is more common than using cannot. the longer form. Now, let's talk about cannot as two words. First of all, know that this is not the negative form of the verb can. Okay? It's not the negative form. If you use it as the negative form in spoken English, you won't hear difference. But in written English, if you use cannot as two words, it's spelling mistake. As simple as that, it's spelling mistake. Okay? Because the correct spelling of the negative form of can is cannot one word. But can not as two words still exists, but is not very commonly used. We can use it for example when you have not in one part of sentence and then can is just your verb of that sentence. But can and not when they're two words aren't together. Okay? Their relationship isn't together. So for example, you're probably familiar with the expression not only but. That's very common expression in English. Not only but also Not only but. So notice in this expression have the word not. Not only. Now theoretically my verb in this sentence could be can. And if that's the case, you might see can and not side by side, but they're not together. It's not making can negative not relates to not only but or another expression that uses not. So for example could say can not only pick you up at the airport. can also help you unpack. Okay? Just to give an example. So notice can now not only pick you up at the airport. So can is just the verb in the sentence. It's not connected with not only but. can not only pick you up at the airport. can also help you unpack. So that's just theoretically you could see can and not side by side as two separate words, but honestly that's not very common. And don't think you're going to see that. When you see can and not side by side as two words, most likely it's just spelling mistake and they wanted to make can negative which is one word cannot. So to summarize, cannot as one word is the negative form of can. Can't is contraction of cannot. It's the most commonly used. Cannot as two words is possible but is not the negative form of the verb can. So now you know how to use these. And now of course it's your turn to practice. want you to leave three examples. one with cannot the negative form, one with can, the contraction, and then why not try can, not only, but that would be pretty advanced structure to practice. So, you can leave all those examples in the comments below. You're doing wonderful. Let's continue on and look at come and came. What's the difference between come and came? Well, there's very simple answer to this question. First, we have to know that the verb is to come. That's the infinitive form of the verb. So then you take your infinitive form and you're going to do two things. You're going to conjugate it with the subject and you're going to conjugate it with the time reference as well. The conjugations of the verb to come are the base infinitive is come. The past simple is came and the participle is come. So your three forms of the verb come came come irregular conjugation. Now we can use the base form in the present simple verb tense. The present simple of course we're talking about facts or routines. could say she always comes late. She always comes late. So notice take my verb come, but then have to think about my subject, which is she. So have to add an to the verb come. So it's conjugated correctly with my subject she. She always comes late. Now, if it was they as subject, it would be come because don't add an only add an for he, she, it subjects. They always come late. She always comes late. They always come late. Now, can take that same sentence, but could talk about yesterday. If talk about yesterday, now my time reference is in the past. So have to conjugate the verb in the past. And in this case, need the past simple. Your time reference will tell you what verb tense you need. Yesterday is an indicator of the past simple. In the past simple, there are no different conjugations. We only use the verb came with all subjects. So can say she came late yesterday. She always comes late. That's the present simple. She came late yesterday. They always come late, the present simple. They came late yesterday, the past simple. So now you know how to use come and came. But what about that third form of the verb? That's the past participle, which is also come. We use the past participle most commonly with the present perfect verb tense. The present perfect verb tense is have or has as your auxiliary verb and then your past participle, which in this case is come. So, could say she's come late three times this week. She's notice that in my contraction is actually the verb has. She has come. She has she's she's come late three times this week. Now, I'm using the present perfect here because my time reference is unfinished. It starts in the past, but it's an unfinished time reference because this week is still in progress and it's possible for her to come late again. She's come to work late three times this week. Now, in the present perfect verb tense, the past participle come doesn't change, but we do conjugate our verb has or have depending on the subject. So, if my subject is they, need the auxiliary verb have. They've, they have, they've come late three times this week. So that's how you would use come as the past participle. To summarize, we have our verb to come and then we have the three forms of the verb. The first form come, the second form came, and the third form come. You need to make sure you're conjugating your verb with your time reference and your subject as well. Come is very common verb in English. So you should definitely feel confident using it in your speech. So to do that, you need to practice. So why don't you leave three examples, one with each form of the verb, present simple, past simple, and present perfect. And of course, you can try different subjects as well to make this very challenging. And leave your examples in the comments below. Let's keep going and look at didn't and wasn't. Both of these are the past simple forms and both of them are past simple negative. Wasn't is the past simple negative form of the verb to be. But, wasn't is only used with the subjects he, she, and it. Didn't is past simple negative form, but it's an auxiliary verb, which means it doesn't have base verb itself. It's used with any base verb. So our sentence structure would be subject didn't base verb to form complete sentence that's past simple negative. To understand both of these, let's start with positive sentence in the present. So we'll do present simple positive sentence and then we'll see how we can change that sentence into the past simple negative. So you can see the transformation of how we use didn't and wasn't. So let's start with our positive present simple sentence for the verb to be. I'm there. I'm there. Pretty simple, right? To be there. I'm there. Or could say she's there. Now can make this sentence negative in the present simple simply by adding not. I'm not there. She isn't there. But remember wasn't is the form of the verb to be and it's negative but it's used in the past simple. So, need to take my two sentences and have past simple time reference. So, let's use yesterday. Yesterday, know I'm in the past simple and know that my sentence is going to be negative. So, can say yesterday she wasn't there. Yesterday, wasn't there. So that's how the transformation took place from having present simple positive to present simple negative to past simple negative. And remember wasn't is only used for the subjects he, she, it. So let's do the same thing and see how we can get to didn't. So let's start with present simple positive sentence. go to bed at 10:30. So here my verb is go to go. go to bed at 10:30. Now when we take regular verbs excluding to be. To be as verb has different rules. Okay. So we take regular verbs like the verb go. We have our positive in the present simple. To form the negative in the present simple, need an auxiliary verb. And that auxiliary verb that I'm going to use is don't. don't go to bed at 10:30. This is the auxiliary verb for the subjects you, we, and they. don't go to bed at 10:30. So now have negative sentence, but it's in the present simple. It talks about routine, but want to talk about past simple. So can use the keyword yesterday. So know I'm in the past simple. Yesterday, didn't go to bed at 10:30. So to form negative sentence in the past simple for regular verbs, we need to follow our structure subject didn't. And then our base verb, our base verb is go. didn't go to bed at 10:30 yesterday. So remember, wasn't is only used with the verb to be and is only used with the verb to be with the subjects he, she, it. Didn't is used for regular verbs in the past simple negative as the auxiliary verb. And your sentence structure is subject, didn't, base verb. That's how you would form complete sentences in the past simple negative. So, now it's your turn to practice. want you to leave two examples, one with wasn't and one with didn't. Put them in the comments below and make sure you have past simple reference. So, it could be yesterday, but it could be other past simple time references as well. You're doing so great. Let's keep going and look at do you and are you. Both of these are question forms in the present simple but they use different verbs and different structures. So let's begin with are you. Now are of course is the verb to be. So, are you is forming question in the present simple using the verb to be. Our subject is you. So, that's why we need are because that's the conjugated verb to be with our subject you. Now, we use the verb to be in the present simple for facts. Facts about the world or facts about ourselves as well. For example, could ask you because remember this is question. So you're going to ask someone about fact. So could ask you, are you American or British? Are you are you American or British? Now another fact would be your job. So could ask you, are you software engineer? Now, could also ask you fact about your physical description, and could ask you, for example, are you tall? Assuming we're chatting and can't see you, so don't know if you're tall or not. And could ask, are you tall? Now, let's take look at the sentence structure. Because using the verb to be in question form, we use something called inversion. So we take our subject and our verb which would be the structure for positive sentence and we invert them which means we switch them. So our sentence structure for questions using the verb to be in the present simple is verb plus subject plus object. So, we know our verb is the verb to be are. And we know our subject is you because we're only talking about are. So, our subject and our verb need to conjugate. Are you? And then just need my object, the question, the rest of the sentence. Are you tall? Now, keep that sentence structure in mind while we take look at do you. Do you is also question form in the present simple. The difference is do is an auxiliary verb which means do doesn't have any meaning in that word. It's only there grammatically. So to have meaning in the sentence, we need main verb. Do is the auxiliary verb and we still need main verb. Now, in the present simple, I'm going to ask you about yourself or about your routine. So, for example, could ask, "Do you live in London?" So, of course, here live is our main verb, but need my auxiliary verb do. Do you live in London? can't just do inversion with my subject and verb. If did that, it would be live you in London. Live you in London. And we know that isn't grammatically correct for English sentence structure. So we need our auxiliary verb do. And do is conjugated with our subject you. Do you live in London? Another question. Do you have dog? So here have is our main verb. But can't say have you dog. So need do you have dog? need my auxiliary verb do. So compare our two sentence structures because here our sentence structure is auxiliary verb subject main verb. Auxiliary verb is do because our subject is you and do conjugates with the subject you. Do you and now we need main verb but the form of this is the base verb which means it's the infinitive without to. So to live, we get rid of to and we have live. Do you live and then the rest of the sentence the object. So with are you, our sentence structure was verb, subject, object. Do you, our sentence structure is auxiliary verb do, subject, main verb, which is the base verb, and then the object. They're both used in question form with the present simple. And this is something that you absolutely must know to understand basic English sentence structure. So now it's your turn to practice. want you to leave two questions in the comments below. One with do you and one with are you. Amazing job. Now let's look at the difference between ever and never. You can think of ever as at least once or one or more times. That's ever. Now, never. You can think of this as zero times. Never. Zero times. Not once. Ever and never are commonly used in the present perfect, especially in question form. So, let's take question in the present perfect. Have you been to BA? Have you been to BA? Now, in the present perfect, it's extremely common. In fact, it even sounds more natural to me to use the word ever. Have you ever been to BA? Now, we add ever to present perfect questions because they're asking about life experience. And remember, it means at least once. So, if you've been to BA at least once or more in your life, then you can answer yes to the question. If you've been to BA zero times, then you'll say no. I've never been to So notice ever we use it in the question form but we don't use it in the positive answer. As positive answer would just say yeah I've been to once, twice, three times, four times and I'd give my answer. So let me ask you question in the present perfect. Have you ever been skydiving? So, have you ever been skydiving? You can put your answer in the comments below. And also, why don't you ask us have you ever question and make it fun and interesting question. Put that in the comments below. Now, although ever and never are very commonly used in the present perfect, we can also use them in the present simple. Never is very commonly used in the present simple. So remember it means zero times and in the present simple we're asking about routine actions. So we're asking about the frequency of actions you do. So it would be very common to say never for certain actions. For example, could say never work out at night. never work out at night. So, this is not part of my daily routine. It takes place zero times in my daily routine. We can use ever in question form in the present simple, although it's much less common than it is in the present perfect. But could ask you, do you ever work out at night? Now, in this case, I'm asking you about the frequency of this action in your daily routine. So, as reply, you're just going to use an adverb of frequency and say, sometimes work out. usually work out. frequently work out. rarely work out." And you're going to give me your answer. Remember, if it's zero times, then you use never. never work out at night. So, what about you? Do you ever work out at night? You can put your answer in the comments below. And at the same time, why don't you ask your fellow students question using do you ever? So, remember this is present simple question you're asking about the frequency of that action in their daily routine. So, now you know the difference between ever and never. And remember to do all the practice in the comments below. This is our last section. Now, let's look at the difference between for or since. hear so many mistakes with these two words. And as we go through this lesson, you'll complete quizzes to make sure you really understand how to use for and since. Now, there's specific time that you need to choose either for or since. They're not interchangeable, and it will make your sentence grammatically incorrect if you're using the wrong one. So, first, let's talk about for. We use for for duration. Okay? So, you can think of it as time that has start and end, duration of time. For example, for 20 minutes, for 3 weeks, for seven months, or how about for 12 years? Now, we use sense with specific time. So, you can think of it as precise moment in time. for example, 900 a.m. last Monday, June 3rd, 2014. So that's the first thing you need to know to use these correctly. For is duration of time and since is specific time. Now, let's talk about the verb tenses that you need for each. So, here's little quiz for you. I'm going to show you some sentences using for in different verb tenses and want you to tell me which ones are correct and which ones are incorrect. And keep in mind we're talking about the verb tense specifically. So that's what you need to look at. So I'll show you the example sentences now. So, which ones are correct and which ones are incorrect? Let us know in the comments. Well, hate to break it to you, but this was trick question because they're all correct. And the point is that for can be used with many different verb tenses. It's quite diverse in that way. Now, let's do the same thing, but this time we'll do it with since. So, again, the time references are all correct. I'm using them all with specific time, but let's take look at the verb tenses. So, I'll show you the sentences, and want you to let us know which ones are correct and incorrect. So, how do you do with this one? How about in the comments, let us know which ones are correct. Okay, put it in the comments. Now, this one wasn't trick question because sense is lot more limited. So, here are example sentences. The only correct ones were number one and number three. You can use sense with the present perfect and the present perfect continuous. The reason why is because since we use this for an action that started in the past but continues until now. And we actually don't know when that action is going to end but it's important it started it in the past continues till now and is still in progress. That's when we can use sense. All right. So now you know that for is used for duration of time and it's very diverse. You can use it with many different verb tenses. You know that tense, we need specific time and you can use it with the present perfect and the present perfect continuous. Now, let me show you sentence that see almost every day and it's wrong. And this sentence is, I've been learning English since two years. All right, this sentence is wrong. Now, want you to take this sentence and make it correct sentence. You're going to need to change either the for or since or the time reference. Okay? So, make your change and put the correct sentence in the comments below. And also, want you to practice your own sentence. So, leave comment and use sentence with for and then sentence with sense. You're doing such great job. Let's review some more advanced grammar topics. And again, these are common mistakes see every day. First, let's talk about the difference between been and being. Both of these are simply different forms of the verb to be. So been is the past participle and being is the present participle. Now when you use one or the other simply depends on the verb tense that the sentence requires. And how do you know which verb tense the sentence requires? Well, you need to look at your time reference and understand where you are on timeline. And if you're talking about the past, the present, or the future, and how those actions interact with one another. Okay? So, we use been in the present perfect verb tense. For example, how have you been? The question, how have you been? This is in the present perfect. And then your answer could also be in the present perfect. I've been busy. have as contraction. I've I've been busy. So, your key here to know when to use been or being is that been is used with the auxiliary verb have. But remember that have can be conjugated as has with he or she. So, it would be she has been busy. have been busy. So when you see the verb have or has, you know your sentence means been and that's the present perfect verb tense. Now another time we use been is in the past perfect. So for example, had been there. had been there. Here your key is that been is used with had. So had is just the past form of the verb have. So again you can just memorize when you see have even if it's in different conjugation or in the past you need been. Being on the other hand is used with completely different verb tenses. Being is present participle. So it's used in the continuous form. It's the verb in ing. In that sense, it's used in the present continuous. could say she's being difficult. She is she's being difficult. So here your key is that being is used with the auxiliary verb to be. She is is is form of the verb to be. It would be you are being difficult. are is an auxiliary of the verb to be. So when you have the verb to be, you know you need being. We also use being in the past continuous. could say she was being difficult or they were being difficult. So again, we're using the auxiliary verb to be, but it's just conjugated in the past as was or were. So your clue for being is when it's used with the verb to be in present form conjugated with the subject or in the past form which is either was or were. Now being can also be used as jarn verb. So that's the verb in ing but is actually being used as the subject of sentence. So simply put, can start my sentence with gerant verb. And this is to make general statement that applies to general situation. So could say being difficult is not good personality trait. Okay? It's just general statement that applies most of the time. Being difficult is not good personality trait. So notice my sentence starts with the verb being because that's the jiren verb. So that's more advanced way to use the verb being. So that's to summarize when you're going to use been or being. Remember that they're just different forms of the verb to be. And when you use them depends on the verb tense that the sentence requires. And the sentence requires specific verb tense depending on the time reference and if you're in the past, present, or future. So now this is lot of information. The best way to truly understand this information is to practice it. So you have lot of work to do. want you to leave five sentences in the comments. one with the present perfect, past perfect, present continuous, past continuous, and bonus points if you can get jarn statement. Remember, all of these are using been or being. So, get to work. You're going to have to review this lesson again because there's lot of information in here. So, just take it slow. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now, let's talk about the difference between been to and been in. So, here are two example sentences. I've been to Paris five times. I've been in Paris for five weeks. What's the difference between these sentences? Well, let's talk about the first one. I've been to Paris five times. Notice that this sentence is in the present perfect. The structure of the present perfect is subject. Have or has conjugated with the subject. The participle form of the verb. The verb here is the verb to be. So, the past participle of the verb to be is been. We use been with all the subjects and then the rest of your sentence. I've been to Paris five times. So why is this sentence in the present perfect? Well, it's because we use the present perfect for life experience and we use it for life experience because our life is an ongoing timeline. And because of that, we're talking about actions that started in the past, such as traveling to Paris, but it's an unfinished timeline. So, can continue doing this action in the future. So, I've been to Paris five times until now, and it's possible for me to go to Paris again. So, maybe next year I'll say, I've been to Paris six times. Because of that, the sentence is in the present perfect. When we use the present perfect with the verb to be to as our preposition and location, such as I've been to Paris, Paris is the location, five times. So, we do this to talk about places we've traveled or places we haven't traveled because things we haven't done is also part of our life experience. So, we can put things we haven't done in the present perfect as well. So, for example, could say, I've been to Thailand once, but haven't been to Myamar. Now, let's compare this to I've been in Paris for five weeks. Now, here this sentence is also in the present perfect, but the reason why this sentence is in the present perfect is different. We're not talking about life experience, per se. We're talking about an action that started in the past and continues until now. So notice said I've been in Paris for five weeks. So what this means is five weeks ago arrived in Paris. That action started in the past. But here's the important thing. I'm in Paris right now. If say I've been in Paris for five weeks, I'm currently in Paris. Okay, that's the very important thing to keep in mind. So, when we use the present perfect with the verb to be, the preposition in, and then location, this is used to talk about where we are now. And that action started in the past, but it continues until now. For example, could say, "My flight was cancelled, so I've been in Texas for 3 days." So, right now I'm in Texas. Maybe I'm not supposed to be in Texas. I'm supposed to be in Paris, but my flight was cancelled, so I'm stuck in Texas. The action started in the past 3 days ago, and it continues until now. I've been in Texas for 3 days. So, now you know how to use the present perfect with the verb to be. I've been to or I've been in and location. So, it's your turn to practice. want you to leave two examples and why not try different subjects so you can practice conjugating your verb have or has with your subject. So, put those in the comments below. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now let's talk about the difference between has gone and was gone. So first you need to see these in sentences to understand the full context. She's already gone home. Notice that contraction she's. In this case, the represents has. She has already gone home. She's already gone home. Or could say, "She was gone when got home." So, what's the difference between these two? Well, they're different verb tenses. Has gone is the present perfect verb tense. We form the present perfect with the subject. has or have depending on the subject and the third form of the verb, the past participle. So, in our sentence, she's already gone home. Our main verb in this sentence is the verb to go. And then we're taking that verb go and we're conjugating it in the present perfect. Because our subject is she, we need has as our auxiliary verb. And then take my verb go and put it in the third form, the past participle. And that's gone. Go, went, gone. She's already gone home. And this sentence is in the present perfect because it's completed past action, but it has present consequence. Now, let's talk about was gone. This sentence structure is to be gone. So in this case gone is being used as an adjective and our main verb is be. Now because of that we need to conjugate our main verb in the past present or future. And in this case was is the past simple conjugation of the verb to be. And it's the past simple with the subject she. She was gone when got home. in terms of meaning. When say she was gone when got home, all I'm saying is that she's no longer here now. So now you can see we have two different sentence structures. In the first one, we have the verb to go conjugated in the present perfect. In the second one, we have the sentence structure to be gone conjugated in the past simple. Now, you might be wondering, when do we use to go and when do we use to be gone? Well, we use the verb to go when we're talking about movement. And we use the verb to be gone simply to mean no longer here. So, we want to emphasize the absence of something or someone, not necessarily their movement. Another difference is that to go talking about movement, this is used in an everyday context is the most commonly used, the most natural. When we use to be gone talking about the absence, this is used more in narrative. So when perhaps you're telling story, it could be story to friend. It could be in book. It could be in movie, in newspaper article, for example. But you would expect to hear that sentence structure more in narrative form. So now you know the difference between has gone and was gone. So it's your turn to practice. want you to leave two examples. One with has gone and one with was gone in the comments below. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now let's talk about how to use the sentence structure having plus past participle. The past participle is your third form of the verb. Now we use this structure when the action is complete. So whatever the action is, if the structure having plus past participle is used, you know that the person has done that action. Now as for sentence structure, this is commonly used to start sentence. So in that case, notice your sentence starts with the verb having. It doesn't start with subject. It starts with having. And it's just implied that whoever is talking is the subject. So for example, one of the most common ways to use this is having said that. Having said that. So said, of course, is the third form of the verb say. Having said that, now when somebody uses this expression, they're letting you know that they're going to reference something that they've previously said. In this expression, having said that, the that is the words that the person previously said. Now, normally they just said it. it was the what they just said. It is possible that it could be something they said while ago, but generally it's they just said it. So, for example, you could be in meeting and your boss is praising everyone, saying, "Awesome job, guys. We really did great job this week. Our sales are up. Our performance is up." And those are the words. Now, he wants to transition. and he could say having said that. So he's referencing the words he just said. Remember the words he just said were positive. Okay? So you could say having said that we still have lot of work to do. So he's giving you all this praise but he wants you to keep in mind that there's still work to do. So he's balancing it out. Having said that, we still have lot of work to do. So, that's very common way to use this expression. But you don't have to only use it with the verb say. You can use this with pretty much any verb. But remember, it's to show that the action is complete. Let's say my friend and are talking about marathons. And my friend wants to run marathon and it's talking about training for this marathon. Now could say having run marathon. Having run marathon, can give you some tips. So I'm letting my friend know that this action of running marathon is complete for me. I've done it. I've run marathon. Having run marathon, can give you some tips. So we commonly use this just to show the experiences that we've had that are complete for us in order to educate or in order to inform or maybe even in order to show sympathy or empathy for someone to show that you understand their situation because you've experienced it as well. Now, talked about how most commonly it's used to start sentence. This isn't the only location. You can use it as the second part of sentence and it's going to follow comma. So, for example, could say, "New York City is known for its busy streets." And having lived there, can confirm that this is true. So notice it starts the next part of sentence after comma and I'm just using and to show that connection between the two ideas. Of course can divide these into two separate sentences and say New York City is known for its busy streets. Period. Having lived there can confirm that it's true. So the choice is yours. It doesn't really matter. probably just depends on the sentence, but you will see this most commonly at the start of sentence. And the important thing to remember is that the action is complete. So now you know how to use this advanced sentence structure. Of course, it's your turn to practice. So want you to leave three different examples using three different verbs so you also really get comfortable with the past participle because you need the third form of the verb, which is the least common verb used. So, want you to get comfortable with that as well. So, leave three different examples in the comments below. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now let's talk about the different ways you can use the verb appreciate. So our first sentence structure that we can use is you can appreciate plus noun. So this is the sentence structure. You would have obviously subject and then your verb appreciate conjugated with your subject time reference and and subject as well. And then followed by the word appreciate, you have noun. noun is either something or someone. So you can say, appreciate your time. So most likely that's what we need to do here is just get rid of this word devoting and just put appreciate something. appreciate your time. appreciate your help. You can also just appreciate someone. appreciate you. Or you can use it in the negative. My boss doesn't appreciate everything do for this company. So, this is probably the most common sentence structure with appreciate. Another sentence structure when you want to talk about someone else is what we needed here is someone else. So with that most likely you're going to use appreciate plus that and then clause. Now clause you need subject, verb and lot of the times an object but at least you need subject and verb. So, you can say, appreciate that you spent your weekend helping me move." Now, this really means the same thing as appreciate appreciated your help this weekend. Or we can say appreciate appreciate now even though you helped the weekend and it's already done. or it could be future as well. appreciate your help this weekend. So, another sentence structure is we're just going to add the two words the fact. When we do this, the meaning does not change between this one. appreciate that and clause. When we add the fact, to me, it sounds more emphasized, making it little bit more dramatic, stronger. appreciate the fact that you spent your weekend helping me move. Again, just emphasizing it. Again, we can just simply say, appreciate something, your help this weekend. Now, this is sentence structure that most likely many students aren't using or they're not using correctly and they're not using it correctly because of what happens after the wh. So, we have appreciate then wh which is who, what, when, why, where, or how. We consider how wh and then we still need clause. So you have subject, verb, and object. So we don't have verb beside the wh, we have subject. Okay? So you could say, appreciate who they are as people. So who is our wh and then we have clause. They are subject verb. Now, honestly, this really just means appreciate them. It's just another way of saying it really. And that's what want you to understand from this is that there are many different ways in English to say the same thing. And they're all correct. They're just simply different grammatical structures. And when you feel really confident with your English, it's because you're able to use different structures and understand how to use them, use them correctly, and understand when the meaning changes and when the meaning doesn't change as well. You could say, appreciate everyone who sent in question or questions who sent in question. appreciate what you're trying to say. appreciate what you do for this company. appreciate when you submit your questions. appreciate where you're trying to take this company or appreciate why you feel you deserve promotion. Now, how lot of times when we use how, you're going to see much. appreciate how much you do for this company. So, this is more advanced sentence structure, but really encourage you to get comfortable with it. But make sure you pay attention that the wh plus subject. final sentence structure that you can use is appreciate and then pronoun and then gerant. This is also more advanced structure. You can say appreciate you helping me today. So here this is exactly the same as appreciate your help today or appreciate the fact that you helped me today. appreciate how much you helped me today. Ultimately they're saying the same thing. They're just really different sentence structures. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now, let's talk about the difference between the verbs wonder and wondering. What's the difference between wonder, I'm wondering, and was wondering. Let's look at all three in an example sentence. wonder what time the store opens. I'm wondering what time the store opens. was wondering what time the store opens. What's the difference between all three? Ultimately, there's very subtle difference and you can use any one of the three and it will be grammatically correct. it will sound natural and there'll be very minor difference in meaning. The difference is quite insignificant. So don't overthink this if the explanation is too complicated for you. Just know that anyone will do the trick. Now let's look at the difference between them little bit more. Well, you've probably noticed that the verb tense is different. Now that's really it. The verb tense is different, but ultimately the meaning is the same. So, of course, wonder what time the store opens. What verb tense is this? The present simple. We use the verb wonder in the present simple mainly when it's an in general situation. So, the fact that we're wondering isn't really limited to this moment in time. is just taking place in general. And we also use wonder more when we're thinking out loud. wonder. wonder. wonder what should have for lunch today. But as we're thinking out loud, we don't always want an answer or expect an answer. So, let's imagine that you're my coworker and you're standing right beside me. We're in the kitchen at work and say out loud, wonder what should have for lunch today." don't necessarily want you to reply. I'm just thinking out loud. But if you, as my coworker, if you did reply and you suggested something should have for lunch, wouldn't be offended by it, would gladly accept it. But the purpose of saying it isn't to get reply. It's more just thinking out loud. I'm wondering is, of course, in the present continuous. The present continuous is used for actions taking place right now. So in this case, when use the present continuous, I'm putting emphasis on the fact that I'm wondering right now. This is taking place right now. We generally use I'm wondering in the present continuous to ask an indirect question. For example, might say, "I'm wondering if you could help me move tonight." "I'm wondering if you could help me move tonight." Now, it's an indirect question because I'm not saying directly, "Can you help me move tonight?" which would be direct question. It's an indirect question. But in this case, do expect you to reply back and give me an answer. was wondering is the past continuous. In this case, we're putting emphasis on the fact that the action was wondering, the action of wondering took place in the past. But here's what you need to know. Even though the action of wondering happened in the past, can still ask you an indirect question. Now, was wondering if you can help me move tonight. So, in this case, there really is no difference in meaning between the present continuous and the past continuous. can still use it to ask an indirect question now. It's just whether was contemplating, wondering that now or in the past. So, that's the very subtle difference in meaning. But remember what said at the beginning that ultimately all three can be used to make statement in the present even though they use completely different verb tenses. So the grammar is different and there is subtle difference in meaning. However, ultimately all three are acceptable forms. So now it's your turn to practice. want you to leave three different examples using the present simple, present continuous, and past continuous of the verb wonder. So, leave those in the comments below. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now let's talk about how to use the advanced sentence structure not only but also We use the expression not only but also to identify two characteristics, traits or points. This is formal expression. You can use it in business presentation or in formal report or an academic essay. It will help you sound very advanced. Now, we have and The thing to keep in mind is that and are both going to be positive points or they're both going to be negative points, but we're not making contrast with and so they have to match. For example, could say Paul's not only intelligent but also funny. So here our and is intelligent and funny. Now notice in the second part of our sentence, but also funny. Notice how didn't repeat the subject and verb. didn't repeat but he is also funny. that subject and verb is going to apply for both parts of the sentence. So if you say it in part one, you don't have to repeat it in part two if it's the exact same subject and verb. Now, we use this structure, not only but also why to add emphasis to our two points. Because let's compare this to just very simple statement, and could say Paul's intelligent and funny. Paul's intelligent and funny. Both of these expressions have the exact same meaning. would say just using not only but also I'm emphasizing those two traits and characteristics. Plus, it sounds lot more advanced. Now, in this example, both of our traits are positive. Intelligent is positive and funny is positive. But could also use an example where both the traits are negative. For example, could say Petra is not only lazy but also irresponsible. So notice both my traits, my and they match. They're both negative. Let's look at another example. improved not only my speaking but also my writing. Now notice here improved. My verb is in the past. If this was an action in progress, could say I'm improving. I'm improving not only but also. Now notice in the second part still don't repeat the subject and the verb because it's the same for the first part and the second part. So it's not necessary. Now let's look at one more example where I'm going to change the structure just little bit. could say not only does she speak German, she also speaks Dutch. Now notice I'm beginning with not only. In this specific case, when begin with not only, have to include do as an auxiliary verb. And of course, do is going to be conjugated in the present simple or the past simple or whatever time reference you have. So here, not only does she speak German, but of course in normal sentence, would simply say she speaks German. wouldn't use the auxiliary verb do. I'm using it in this case only because I'm starting with not only. You can think of this just as grammar rule that you need to apply to this specific structure when you begin with not only. Not only does she speak German, she also speaks Dutch. Now notice in the second part, I'm not repeating the auxiliary verb does. It's not necessary. This is little more of an advanced structure. If it's too advanced for you, then you don't need it because you can simply say she speaks not only German but also Dutch. The meaning is exactly the same. just wanted to give you the opportunity to take it little more advanced as well. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now, let's talk about the difference between over and during. So, what's the difference between saying we went to the beach over the weekend? We went to the beach during the weekend. Now, in this context, over and during have the exact same meaning. However, we only use them in the same way in very specific expressions. This isn't something we do all the time. You can use over or during, and there's no difference when you're talking about the weekend, holidays, seasons, vacation, or meals. For example, you could say, "Let's discuss this over lunch. Let's discuss this during lunch. Lunch is meal and remember said we can use over or during for meals. Now generally native speakers will use over or during without any difference but there is subtle difference in meaning and that's when we use over it sounds like it's the entire time from start to finish. So if say let's talk about this over lunch to me it sounds like the entire lunch from start to finish will be discussing the project. So let's discuss the project over lunch. That's the only thing we're doing. But if say let's discuss the project during lunch to me that sounds like at one specific point during lunch. It could be at the beginning of lunch. It could be at the middle of lunch. It could be at the end of lunch. But at one specific point, we'll discuss the project, but we'll do other things as well. So that's the difference, although it's subtle and most native speakers will just use one or the other without thinking about that difference. Now, just remember that we only use over and during interchangeably in that very specific context of weekends, holidays, vacation, meal, and seasons. Outside of those specific categories, they have different meanings and they're not interchangeable. So, for example, have to say, "Nobody talked during the presentation." can't say, "Nobody talked over the presentation." That doesn't sound right because the presentation is not one of the categories gave you. Or for example, the presentation went for over three hours. Now in this case over means more than. It went for more than three hours. It went for over three hours. So can't change it to during and can't say the presentation went for during 3 hours. That doesn't work. So most of the time they don't have the same meaning. Again just remember those categories. the weekend, holidays, vacation, seasons, and meals. You can use either one. cleaned the garage over the weekend. cleaned the garage during the weekend. So, now it's your turn to practice. want you to leave two examples, both using over and during. So, make sure you choose one of those categories, and leave two examples in the comments below. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need. And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now, let's talk about the difference between the past simple and the present perfect. And specifically, we're looking at the two sentences. already ate and I've already eaten. Now, of course, you need to notice the structure. So, you need to know how to form the past simple and the present perfect. So, just keep that in mind. And let's talk about the meaning of these two. So, we use the past simple with completed past action, right? This action is complete. already ate. That is finished completed action in the past. Now, let's talk about the present perfect. Here's what you need to keep in mind. The present perfect has many different uses depending on the context. In this lesson, we're specifically talking about comparing these two sentences. So in this specific context, the present perfect can be used for past action with present consequence. Okay? There are other ways we use the present perfect. We're not going to discuss those. We're specifically talking about this one meaning past action with present consequence. I've already eaten. So as you can see just from their definitions that they can both be used with completed past action. The difference is the present perfect present. There's connection to the present. Okay? So keep that as your memory aid. Present perfect present connection to the present. With the past simple that connection to the present isn't there. One other thing you need to keep in mind is that native English speaker is not grammar expert. native English speaker is going to use these two sentences in this specific context. They're going to use these two sentences interchangeably and there's not going to be difference in meaning. So when native speaker says, already ate or I've already eaten," there's no difference at all. If you ask them, "Why did you say this one and not this one?" They're not going to know because they don't study grammar. Okay? And they're both acceptable. So, just keep that in mind. native speaker is going to use them interchangeably with no difference in meaning. But let's talk about that subtle difference in meaning when we say that the present perfect can be used with past action that has present consequence. What does that mean? present consequence. So, let's just think about that. already ate in the past simple. Just remember completed past action. It's done. It's over. already ate. Now, when say I've already eaten, there's some sort of connection to the present. So, you can always think of it in your head as I've already eaten, so now. Okay? I've already eaten, so now because connection to the present, I've already eaten, so now I'm not hungry. So now don't want piece of cake. So now don't want to go to that restaurant with you. Okay, I've already eaten. But keep in mind that so now we don't verbalize it. We don't say it out loud. It's just implied in the context. Okay, so let's take look at few more examples. could say, talked to my boss. Just completed past action. Or could say, I've talked to my boss. So what's the connection to the present? Maybe I've talked to my boss, so now I'm going to leave. Maybe that's just the connection to the present. It could be anything. Again, we don't verbalize that. is just implied. How about this one? checked the mail. Just completed past action. checked the mail. Or I've checked the mail in the present perfect. I've checked the mail. What's the connection to the present? I've checked the mail. So, you don't have to. That could be the connection to the present. One more example. booked the hotel. Completed past action. Or could say, I've booked the hotel in the present perfect. I've booked the hotel, so now we're going on vacation. Maybe that's the connection to the present. So now I'm excited. Remember, we don't specifically say it. It's just implied. And also in all of these examples, in this specific context, native English speaker is going to use them interchangeably without difference in meaning. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Now, let's talk about how you can correctly use three very common verbs, recommend, suggest, and advise. So, let's say you're at restaurant, you're looking through the menu, and then you ask your server, "What would you recommend me?" or you're discussing problem with your boss and you ask, "What would you suggest me?" What do you think about these sentences? Are these sentences grammatically correct or incorrect? What do you think? Well, these sentences are wrong. You can't say, "What would you recommend me, suggest me?" Yet, hear it every single day. In fact, hear this so much from students that it's starting to sound normal just because hear it every single day and have to remember that's not correct. And the reason why this is incorrect is because the sentence structure is incorrect. Following the verb recommend suggest, we do not want an object pronoun. Me is an object pronoun. The good news is there's very easy way to fix this. Just don't say me. If you're at restaurant, say, "What would you recommend?" If you're talking to your boss, say, "What do you suggest?" That's all you need to do because grammatically from sentence structure, we don't want the object pronoun. Now, let's take look at this example saw on English. The example is recommend you find 150 books. Now this is where students get confused because they see you. recommend you. So why can't say what would you recommend me? Because this you is not an object pronoun. It's tricky because you is both the subject pronoun. you, he, she, it, we, they. And you is also the object pronoun. Me, you, him, her. But in this sentence, the you is subject pronoun. Now, you'll notice here we have our verb recommend, and then following the verb recommend, we have clause. clause is subject, verb, and an object. recommend you is the subject. Find is the verb. 150 books is the object. Now, in written English, you can use that to connect, recommend, and the clause. recommend that. suggest that it's optional and in written English it's most commonly included but in spoken English it's most commonly left out. So based on what just said, what do you think about this sentence? The doctor suggested me to lose weight. Is this sentence correct or incorrect? What do you think? The doctor suggested me to lose weight. It's wrong. You can't say this because me is an object pronoun and we do have verb, but the verb isn't even conjugated with anything. It's just in the infinitive form. So remember, we need recommend, suggest plus clause. clause is subject, verb, and an object. So how can we fix this sentence? We can say the doctor recommended that lose weight. is our subject. Lose is our verb. Notice the verb is conjugated with the subject and our object is wait. Remember that is optional. Most likely, I'll keep it in with written English and I'll leave it out with spoken English. The doctor recommended lose weight. Another quiz for you. What do you think about this sentence? Would you recommend me for the promotion? Would you recommend me for the promotion? What do you think? Is this good or bad? This is good. Don't be confused. I'm going to make this very clear for you. Would you recommend me for the promotion in this sentence? am not receiving the recommendation. am the recommendation because you can recommend something. For example, recommend the duck. If you're at restaurant and you're looking for different items, there's chicken, fish, and duck. recommend the duck. That's something. So, in this case, am the recommendation. I'm the recommendation for the promotion. Think of it like this. Your boss asks you, "Who should we recommend for the promotion?" Who should we recommend? We should recommend Jennifer. Of course. Why wouldn't you? We should recommend Jennifer. am the recommendation. So in my question, remember asked my colleague, would you recommend me for the promotion? This is not the same as saying what would you recommend me because that is incorrect. In that case, I'm receiving the recommendation. am not the recommendation. I'm receiving it. And then you don't want an object pronoun. And you simply say, what would you recommend? recommend the duck. Who would you recommend? recommend Jennifer. There is another sentence structure you need to know, and that's recommend, suggest, plus Garand. Garand is your verb in ing. For example, recommend drinking eight glasses of water day. recommend ordering the duck. Now, let's talk about advise. You can say he advised signing the contract. So, what do you notice here? What's the sentence structure? What do we have right here? Well, of course, we have advise plus jarn. So, this is the same thing we can do with recommend or suggest. And you can also say he advised that sign the contract. So, what do you notice about this sentence structure? Well, it's advised plus that, which is optional. And then we have our clause, subject, verb, and then our object. So this is also the exact same sentence structure you can use with recommend or suggest. Now what about this sentence? He advised me to sign the contract. Advised me. advised me. What do you think? Is this correct or incorrect? Well, this is correct. So, with this specific verb advise, you can have pronoun. You can advise someone. But notice what comes next. We have our infinitive to plus base verb. He advised me. He advised him. He advised her. He advised you. to sign, to go, to eat, to drink, any infinitive, and then our object, the contract. So, advise is more flexible. You can use it with the jarn, the clause, and you can even say advise me. So, now let's talk about explain because hear this every single day. Teacher, can you explain me how to use the present perfect? What do you think about that? Can you explain me? Is that correct or incorrect? Well, you should know this by now. It's wrong. You don't explain someone. You explain to someone. This is why saved explain for the end, but really wanted you to learn it because it's the same thing. We don't want an object pronoun. Explain me. No, explain to me. That's all you need to do. You need to add that preposition to because you explain to someone. Now, most commonly we use the structure explain something to someone. Can you explain the present perfect to me? Now, if it's obvious that you're the one receiving the explanation, you don't even have to say it. You don't need to say to me, to him, to us, to them, if it's obvious, you can just say, "Can you explain the present perfect?" That's fine. But you don't want to say, "Can you explain me?" So, please take the time to study and learn what taught you in this video because you will not sound fluent. You will not sound natural. You will not pass your IELTS or your language exam if you say, "Recommend me. Explain me." That's beginner mistake. But hear all my students, advanced students from every background use that sentence structure. So take the time, watch this video multiple times to really understand the sentence structure and then leave some examples in the comments below because you really need to practice it the correct way and get lots of repetitions with the correct form. Are you ready for your quiz? Here are your questions. Hit pause. Take as much time as you need and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers. Congratulations. You have officially mastered English grammar. Yes, of course, you need to review these concepts, study them, and practice them. But do you want me to keep helping you improve your English grammar? If you do, put that's right. That's right. Put that's right in the comments. And of course, make sure you like this lesson, share it with your friends, and subscribe so you're notified every time post new lesson. And you can get this free speaking guide where share six tips on how to speak English fluently and confidently. You can click here to download it or look for the link in the description. And here's another lesson know you'll love. Watch it now.