Lesson 3 The first conjugation present indicative active The accusative case

lesson three the first conjugation present indicative active the accusative case hi everyone welcome back to lynnie's laughing class today we're on page 11 at the bottom of page 11 and today we're going to learn about verb endings as you read the text here at the bottom of page 11 you'll notice lot of terminology terms like indicative personal endings active conjugated lots of grammatical terms but don't want you to worry about those right now right now just want you to focus on what we were going to be talking about turn with me to the top of page 12 and we're going to talk about two basic concepts that you need to know if you have already read my book for beginners getting started with Latin then you already know all this stuff backwards and forwards but if you're new and have not read that book then you need to listen carefully we're going to talk about person and number okay number is pretty simple that's referring to if something is singular or plural singular means you're talking about just one thing plural means you're talking about more than one thing and when it comes to verbs there's another special quality that verbs have called person verb can be first person second person or third person you may ask yourself the question why are they called first person second person and third person and that's good question and I've actually thought about that myself first person is verb that talks about doing the action okay walk go talk when it's doing the action that's called first person verb second person is when it's you doing the action you walk you talk you go third person is he she or it he walks he talks she goes it goes things like that so first person means do the action second person means you do the action third person he she or it does the action let's say you're an author and you want to write story and you want to narrate the story in the first person if that's the case then as you write the story you would say did this did that that gives it very personal kind of sound if you want to write something in the second person you would say you open the door you hear creaking noise you enter the room you do this you do that writing in the second person like that can give writing sort of an intense or maybe an exciting feeling the feeling that you're very involved because someone is telling you directly what you're doing perhaps the most common way to narrate is third-person if you want to write something in the third person you would say something like she opened the door and walked in he did this he did that so that's third person that's probably the most common way that we hear stories being told so the three examples just gave of first second and third person those were all singular there's also plural for each one if it's doing it but plural then it becomes we we talk we go we walk ok that's first-person plural if it's you plural more than one of you that's second person plural in many languages there is separate word for singular you and plural you in Latin the word for singular you is tu tu and the word for plural you is Wolfe's vos but in English it's the same word for both its you for singular you and you for plural you so some English speakers try to make up different word for plural you words like y'all or yous guys or you people grew up in the south so you could probably tell by my accent when was growing up we would say y'all if it was one person you might say are you going to the store but if it was more than one person you might say are y'all going to the store so typically in my language materials that make use the word y'all to represent the second person plural so use you for second person singular y'all for second person plural for third person plural if he she or it is plural then that becomes they they walk they talk they go okay so if you look at this little chart here at the top of page 12 you'll see first person and then we is singular we is plural second person you they give an archaic form thou and then the plural form is you third person he/she it and plural is they okay so that sharp there outlines what was just telling you if the concept of first person second person and third person is still confusing you here's little thing that's helped me to understand it and it might help you to if human being is talking and saying things who is the first person involved in the process the speaker okay it only takes one person to talk for instance right now I'm talking so I'll say the word and then talk talk it's just me in this activity of talking I'm the first person you see what I'm saying so it's the first I'm speaking in the first person now imagine there's conversation between two people and I'm talking to someone say you walk you talk you go now I'm talking about the second person in the conversation there's not only the speaker but there's second person involved that's you and I'm talking to you see what mean that's the second person now you and are talking and third person is across the room and we start talking about that person maybe we're gossiping about that person we say well he does this and he does that okay now in that conversation the the guy we're talking about is the third person involved in our communication so think of first second and third person like that the first person involved is the speaker the second person involved is the person you're talking to the third person involved is the person you're talking about okay so if you think that over for minute the concept of first second and third person makes perfect sense it's all reckoned from the point of view of the speaker verbs that are first-person are stated in such way that they involve the person doing the talking second person verbs are stated in such way that they involve the person that the speaker is talking to third person verbs are stated in such way that they involve the person that the speaker is talking about okay so you're either talking talking to someone we're talking about someone okay think we understand the concepts of first second third person and singular and plural now let's look at how this actually applies to Latin so it's time to learn Latin verb here which is loud go down to section 37 with me in the middle of page 12 loud means praise we have related English words like laud or laudable and the way this works is we have base or stem for this verb and we're going to add special endings to the stem and the endings will tell us who is doing the action that is whether its first second or third person and whether it's singular or plural so let's take look at the different forms of laudo that we see in this chart in section 37 the first person singular form laudo means praise the ending there's the letter second person singular you praise is loud ahhs see the there at the end of that one loud dot is third person singular that's he she or it praises and the letter is key there look at the letter first person plural we have loud ominous that's we praise notice the mus ending loud dhatus that's second person plural and again I'll be using the word y'all so loud dot is y'all praise the ending there is is and finally loud aunt that's third person plural they praise so it's good idea to memorize these six forms ploud loud AHS loud OTT loud ominous loud dhatus loud aunt so you can repeat those six forms over and over and you can think of what they mean to praise you praise he she or it praises we praise y'all praise they praise and if you want to see just the endings only you can look back up toward the top of the page and you'll see the chart we were looking at few minutes ago you'll see just the mu is in these endings are what we call personal endings okay again you have the stem of the verb and then we add personal endings to show who is doing the action okay so if have Latin sentence that says praise the heroic soldier then would use the word loud praise if have Latin sentence that says you praise the general for his victory would use the word loud to us if have Latin sentence that says she praises the soldier for his heroism would use the word loud ah'd okay so this is real Latin real verbs that mean real things one other quick thing that want to introduce to you before we move on is the infinitive form of the verb an infinitive is the word to plus verb in English might say to walk to talk to write to sleep those are all infinitives the word infinitive means that it's not limited in any way in other words an infinitive is not verb that anyone is doing it's just conceptual idea of the verb okay if say to walk that's just general idea of the verb talking I'm not saying anyone in particular is doing it so in that sense the verb is an infinitive in the sense that it's not limited or bound in any way and the infinitive form of laudo is loud RA notice the ending there is re and what you'll find as you examine the infinitive form of the verb you'll find that the third letter from the end in this case the letter what we're really doing here is we're taking the infinitive loud RA and we're chopping off the in the and then we're adding the personal endings in the first person singular though that doesn't really work because you would get laudato in the first person singular the letter goes away and you just get the letter so loud one last thing here if you look in the middle of the model verb chart in section 37 you will see section that says principal parts PRI period parts the PRI is short for principal okay in Latin every verb has four main forms and once you know those main four forms you can use them to create all the other forms of the verb okay in this lesson we've talked about the first two we've talked about the first person singular form which is lado for the verb we're talking about louder and we've talked about the infinitive loud re there is also loud oe and loud Atum those are the third and fourth principal parts we're not really using those yet so just want you to focus on the first two principal parts so for this verb it's loud and loud RA we'll talk more about the other two principal parts later even though we're not using them yet it's still good idea to memorize all four principal parts of verb it's good to start early in your Latin education memorizing the four principal parts because sooner or later you're going to need them and the sooner you start to memorize them the better so when you're Latin student and you're memorizing new verb typically the way you do it is you recite all four principal parts so for the verb loud what would do is would say this loud loud are loud we loud Atum you could just memorize it by saying loud or you could also just memorize it by saying loud over loud ra just the first two principal parts but that's not as good as if you went ahead and memorized all four if you go ahead and memorize all four principal part you're equipping yourself better for the future so the best thing to do at this stage is go ahead and start memorizing the verbs with all four principal parts and once you get accustomed to the patterns it's not so hard because lot of them have the same forms the same endings so let's practice this few times with loud okay the verb loud means praise so we're going to memorize the four principal parts of the verb loud ready loud loud are loud we loud awesome loud loud are loud we loud Atum so the basic idea here as far as you learning things is you need to memorize the six present tense forms of loud that's loud loud AHS loud OTT loud ammos laudato slough don't and what each one of them means also memorize the six personal endings that's OST mus is nt repeat them over and over to memorize them they're in chart at the top of page 12 and memorize the four principal parts okay let's move on now to section 38 and let's look at some vocabulary would like for you to notice that each time they list noun for us to know they're going to tell us two forms they're going to tell us the nominative singular and the genitive singular okay again the genitive singular is the possessive form of the noun so look at the first one in the list copia they also give us - AE why would they give us - AE if you think about it for second they're giving us copia and then Co okay when they tell us copia that's the nominative singular form then when they tell us Co that's the genitive singular form so when you are student of Latin and you learn new noun you always learn the nominative singular form and the genitive singular form as we get more advanced in Latin this will become very important especially when we get to the third declension right now we're just in the first declension so it's not quite as important but you should know what we are doing here we're learning the nominative singular and the genitive singular so copia Co it's feminine noun of the first declension and it means supply in the plural it can mean troops or forces again in Latin there are five declensions five different patterns of noun endings so far you only know the first declension if you remember we studied all the different forms of porta which means gate porta port port pour Tom Porter all those forms while we were studying the first declension most of the nouns of the first declension are feminine not all of them but most of them are so again copia Co is the nominative singular and the genitive singular moving on to the next one we have masala that's person's name grammatically speaking it comes from the first declension so it looks feminine but in its gender it's actually masculine noun because it's man's name so masala masala that's masculine noun of the first declension next we have Bell guy Bell Gorham this particular noun is plural so they're giving us the nominative plural and the genitive plural ordinarily would get the nominative singular in the genitive singular but since this one's plural they're giving us just plural forms so bell guy is nominative plural bell gharam is genitive plural this is masculine noun of the first declension and this is how we refer to the belgians that is the tribe known as the belgians located roughly where the country of Belgium is today next we have another plural one Celtic Altarum that's another masculine noun of the first declension and it refers to the Celts remember that the inhabitants of Gaul are Celtic people on the island of Great Britain they are Celtic peoples to later on the anglo-saxons invaded Great Britain and pushed lot of the original Celtic peoples toward the west so the the Celts were pushed westward into Wales and into Cornwall so that's why the Welsh language is Celtic language you also have Celtic speakers in Ireland and Scotland so in the text we'll be reading you'll see the people of Gaul referred to as Celts and as Gauls and those two terms are used fairly interchangeably moving to the top of page 13 we have more vocabulary to learn we have some verbs this first one is confirmo that means to establish strengthen or affirm be sure to think of the different forms of it confirmo you establish would be confirm us he she or it establishes would be confirm OTT okay remember your personal endings and if we're memorizing the four principal parts of this verb we would say confirmo confirm our confirm we confirm Atum moving on we have laudo which we have already studied you know that loud means praised Lao dass you praised Lao dot he praises laudamus we praise and so on and so forth the four principal parts loud loud are loud we loud Atum next we have none tea no tio means to announce or report in English we have related word enunciate the four principal parts noon tio noon tra noon ta we knew autumn again the second principal part out of the four that's the infinitive that means to announce or to report the infinitive of loud would be loud RA that means to praise next we have new verb Paco which means to subdue or conquer okay so Paco is subdue Paco's would be you subdue pocket would be he she or it subdues so you have personal innings also we have our four principal parts Paco Paco Paco epoch autumn and our final vocabulary word for this lesson Porto that means to carry or bring and we have lots of related English words like portable import/export so the four principal parts Porto port are port oui porta tom notice the second of the four is the infinitive that's port ra which means to carry okay so as we memorize new vocabulary think about the four principal parts and think about what each one does each one that you know about that is the first principal part is simply the the first person singular form in the present tense the second principle part is the infinitive okay so think about what each one is as you memorize it okay moving on now to section 39 we have some model sentences we're going to study these sentences and hopefully learn something about Latin grammar as we go in the last couple of lessons we have studied the different cases in Latin nominative genitive dative accusative and ablative and we've studied what each one does in this lesson we're going to focus in on the accusative case that's the fourth of the five cases okay so here in these model sentences we're going to study the accusative case and what is the accusative case do the accusative case is the case you put noun in when that noun is the direct object in sentence okay remember porta means gate if it's direct object you must change the ending to so it becomes poor tom and we'll see that here in our first model sentence mussalam loud aunt okay the verb here is loud aunt that's the verb louder which means praise notice the personal ending is in so it's they praise and then we have direct object mussalam they praise Messala since masala is the direct object we must make the ending okay so notice here that Latin is all about endings endings endings endings Lau dot has the in te ending mussalam has the special accusative singular ending the endings really tell the story in Latin so they praise masala they've got third-person plural verb with an accusative singular direct object moving on Keltie mussalam loud okay this is just like number one except we have an additional word Celt remember while back told you that in third-person verb you can translate it with the pronoun as part of the verb that's what we did in model sentence number one we translated loud aunt as they praised in number two we don't need to translate loud aunt as they praise because we have an entirely separate word to be the subject of the sentence the word Kel tie is the subject so Cal Thai and Lao don't together say the celts praise if you take away the word cal ty there's no subject anymore so we'll translate loud aunt as they praise okay so if there's separate word to be the subject that's the subject if there's no word to be the subject you can use the pronoun that is included in the verb mussalam is the same as before it's the direct object notice the ending is a.m. so the celts praise masala number three we change things up little and masala becomes the subject of the sentence not the direct object so the ending changes yet again to masala that's nominative singular nominative because nominative is the case you need for noun to be in when it's the subject of sentence so masala is the subject Lao dot is the verb that's form of the verb laudo and its third-person singular if you need to you can refer back to the chart on page 12 either of the two charts the one in the middle shows the full forms of the verb the one at the top just shows the endings only what we call the personal endings so masala is the subject Lao dot is the verb the verb is third-person singular so masala and lauda together say masala praises the direct object here is there now to us in the last lesson we learned new noun that's Ngata which means sailor notice here the ending is that's the accusative plural ending so now toss is the direct object but it's also plural so masala praises the sailors okay I'm moving on to section 40 they just give us rule to remember grammatical rule the direct object of verb is in the accusative case and we've seen that in action here in the model sentences okay let's move on now to section 41 and we'll do some translation at this point in the lecture series we are almost getting to the point where you don't need me so much to take you through the exercises anymore that is to get you through them the first time we're almost at point where you can start to translate them on your own and then just have me go over them with you so if you're feeling confident what you could do right now is turn the recording off and translate these exercises on your own and then turn the recording back on and listen to me take you through them if you don't feel that confident and you still want to sort of have me hold your hand and take you through them then you can just translate them with me as go through them but eventually the idea is to turn the recording off do them on your own as if they were homework and then turn the recording back on and go over them with me to see what you did correctly and what you did incorrectly so whether you choose to do these on your own or not let's go here to number one in section 41 and the authors of the book have given us some different forms to practice with these aren't really complete sentences they're just practice forms so portent noon Tiant con fear month okay portent is form of the verb korto notice the ending is in that's third-person plural so it means they are doing the action and the verb Porto means to carry right so port on would mean they carry or they are carrying noon Tiant is next that also has the same personal ending that which is nt new Tiant is form of the verb nun teo which means to announce or report so new not being third-person plural will say they announce or they report confer Mont also has the third-person plural ending so it's they doing the action the verb confirmo means to strengthen or establish so confer mont will mean they strengthen or they establish in number two we have couple of first-person plural verbs pakka MOS and poor Thomas notice the mus ending let's go over those endings briefly yet again mu is in chant those endings and that will help you remember them so Packham Lewis and poor Tom Lewis both have the mus ending their first person plural pecan this is form of the verb Paco which means to subdue so Paco most would mean we subdue poor Thomas that's the form of the verb Porto which means --carrie so poor Thomas means we carry in number three we have couple of second person singular verbs con fear mass noon oz one fear Moss is you singular established new oz is you singular announce or report and number four we have couple of second person plural forms when think of the second person plural like to think of the word y'all notice that both of these forms have the is ending okay poor titus is form of the verb Porto its second person plural so it means y'all carry pocket is form of the verb Paco which means to subdue or conquer so it means y'all subdue or y'all conquer and number five would get complete sentence bell guy Victoria moon Tiant the subject of the sentence here is Belle guy that means the Belgians the verb is nun Tiant notice the third person plural ending which is in so Belle guy in new Tiant together say the Belgians announced or the Belgians are announcing and the direct object is Victoria that's the noun Victoria which means victory but it's the direct object so the ending has been changed to so the Belgians are announcing the victory in number six we get another complete sentence copiously Damas the verb Isla Damas that's first person plural it means we praise copious is in the accusative case that's the direct object and that's the noun copia and when copia is plural it can mean troops or forces so number six says we are praising the troops number seven Keltie Amica tiem con fear mont okay the subject is Celt that means celts con fear mont is form of the verb confirmo which means to establish or strengthen or affirm its third-person plural notice the NT ending OST in the US is nt again the NT ending tells us it's third-person plural so the celts are establishing or the our strengthening and i'ma kitayama is the direct object notice the a.m. ending that's form of the noun ami CATIA which means friendship so number seven says the Celts are establishing friendship or the Celts are strengthening friendship number eight Messala Magnum Pro in qiyam pocket the subject here is person's name masala the verb here is pocket that's form of the verb Paco which means to subdue notice the personal ending is the letter so it's third-person singular so the subject and verb together say Misawa is subduing what is he subduing magnum pro in qiyam great province or large province notice how the word pro in qiyam since it's the direct object has an ending of a.m. that makes it in the accusative case magnum is an adjective modifying pro in qiyam so magnum has to match the ending of pro in qiyam if we said masala pocket Magna pro in Kia that wouldn't make any sense that would have the wrong endings you have to have the accusative ending both for the noun and the adjective that modifies it that's what we call agreement moving on to number 9 now DA literacy por taught the subject here is nota which means sailor that's nominative singular the verb is poor tot that's form of the verb Porto which means --carrie notice the ending the inning tells us it's third-person singular so the sailor is carrying and then we have direct object litoris is accusative plural notice the ending is when the noun litora is plural it can mean letter as in the kind of letter you send someone and that's what's happening here litoris dramatically is plural but what it means is letter as an epistle the kind of letter that you mail to someone so we'll translate nine as the Sailor is carrying letter number 10 Cal toss at Bell gasps loud artists okay both Cal toss and bell gasps are both accusative plural so they can't be the subject of the sentence now Dantas is form of Lauda which means praise and it's second person plural that means y'all are doing the action solo just means y'all praise or y'all are praising and then the direct object is Cal toss and Belga so y'all are praising the celts and the belgians let's skip number 11 and go on to number 12 copy non sunt now ty okay our subject here is copy remember that when the noun copia is plural it can mean troops or forces when it's singular it can mean supply here it's plural so we'll translate it as troops or forces sunt is verb of being it means they are it's being negated by the word known so what we have so far is the troops are not then we have the word now ty which means sailors this is good chance for us to review the difference between direct object and predicate remember that with verb of being if you say that you are something am sailor the word sailor is not direct object it's only predicate direct object is noun that's the target of action if you say hit the sailor or saw the sailor those are action verbs so if you do those actions to sailor then the word sailor is the direct object and you would need to put it in the accusative case it would become now Tom in exercise 12 the sailors are not direct object they are predicate because you're simply saying that something is something there's no action taking place so remember that in Latin predicate is going to be in the nominative case we call it predicate nominative so the word Co is nominative now tie is nominative again there is no action verb here you need an action verb to trigger direct object so Co is the subject sunt is the verb now ty is the predicate more specifically the predicate nominative so number 12 says the troops are not sailors okay we're almost done with this lesson the final thing want to do here is take quick look at section 42 and want to help you see how you can use these Latin composition exercises as ideas for saying things in Latin remember it's very important when you're learning language to speak the language it doesn't matter if it's living language like French or German or if it's dead language like ancient Egyptian or Latin for that matter no matter what kind of language it is you need to speak the language you need to say things in the language when you say things in the language it makes your mind work in such way where you gain greater mastery over the language than if you just read the language if you only read Latin you're not going to learn it as well as if you actually start to say things in the language so with the knowledge you've gained in this lesson you can start to put together simple sentences let's think of some ideas of things you could say with the verb Porto you could say you're carrying things you could say Porto now Tom I'm carrying sailor Porto now toss I'm carrying sailors that's kind of silly one you could say now to pour tot litoris the sailors carrying letter you could say poor Thomas litoris we are carrying letter you could say portent cope they are carrying supply we don't have very many good nouns to carry but you can still get some practice with the nouns that you do know you could use the verb loud you could say loud now Tom am praising the Sailor you could use person's name masala you could say masala Lao dot now Tom masala is praising the Sailor they are praising the Sailor loud daunt now Tom y'all are praising the Sailor loud artist now Tom you could use the word nunzio to announce things you could say nu Victoria am announcing victory none aunt Victorian they are announcing victory Messala Victorian noon OTT masala is announcing victory you could say someone is confirming victory confirmo Victorian am confirming the victory confer mont Victorian they are confirming the victory where they are establishing the victory okay so I'm just giving you ideas here of different sentences that you could say this is very important part of your Latin education close your eyes imagine in your mind the images and feelings of the events that are happening and then narrate with your mouth what is happening say in latin latin sentences that express what's going on so you're gonna say the words with your mouth while you see the movie going on in your mind and if you do this little each day you will make rapid progress with your lesson if you want to you can write out these latin composition exercises in section 42 but you really don't need to the best way is to do it verbally to actually say things in latin okay that's the end of this lesson one last quick reminder before we go in this lesson I'm trying to make everything crystal clear and simple but if it's still challenge for you if it's still lot to remember or it's too much for you the simple solution get copy of my beginning latin book it's called getting started with Latin if you feel completely lost just read through that book and it'll baby you through every concept and when you're done come back and do the lectures again and you'll be definitely ready to move forward with the Linney's Latin class lectures so if you're doing ok if all this makes sense to you you probably don't need to read getting started with Latin you can if you want to if you want to just get better grasp on things but you don't have to but if you're totally confused would recommend get the beginning book and go through it and once you've worked through it then you'll definitely be ready to come back and do these more advanced lectures ok that's it for lesson 3 we'll see you next time in lesson 4