States of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Plasma Chemistry

in this video we're going to focus on states of matter at least the most common ones that you typically encounter and so these include solids liquids and gases but first what is matter matter you could think of it as stuff it's basically anything that has mass and takes up space matter is composed of individual tiny particles known as atoms and matter can be class ified into one of these three different categories now let's talk about solids solid has definite shape so if you think of rock rock has fixed shape know this is terrible visual illustration of rock it has fixed shape and fix volume liquids on the other hand they're fluid they have no definite shape but they do have definite volume let's say if have cup that looks like this and in it let's say we have 50 mL of water so this cup has definite volume of fluid now if take that liquid and pour it into cup with different shape the volume of water will not change it will still be 50 so thus we can say that liquids they have definite volume however the shape is different liquid will take the shape of its container now let's say if take that liquid and pour it into spherical or semi spherical container the liquid will fit the shape of the container and so that's why we could say that the liquid has no definite shape if try to do the same thing for rock if take this rock and move it from one container to another the shape of the rock is going to be the same it's not going to change it's going to have the same shape same mass same volume so solids are rigid but liquids are fluid liquid can flow so let's say if have cup can take another cup and pour liquid into it gases can flow too let's say if you have pipe and you have gas in the pipe the gas can flow through the pipe but solids they don't have that ability to flow so liquids and gases are known as fluids because they can flow now you have different types of fluids you have like water which can flow nice and easily but you have like more viscous fluids like Syrup and Honey they don't flow very quickly so they have high viscosity now let's talk about density density is equal to the mass / the volume solids have very high density for example the density of iron metal is 7,870 kilog per cubic meter kilog is unit of mass cubic met is unit of volume now liquids also have high density as well molten iron metal or liquid iron metal near its melting point has density of around 6,980 kg per cubic meter and for most substances the density of solid is usually greater than the density of liquid now granted there are some exceptions for instance liquid water has higher density than solid water which is known as ice the density for liquid water is around 1,000 kilog per cubic meter which is the same as 1 per milliliter and the density of water rather ice should say is 917 kilg per cubic meter so the density of liquid water is greater than ice and so that's one of the rare exceptions but generally speaking solids usually have higher density than liquids and gases have very low density now just to put that in perspective the density of air at 20° it is temperature dependent is around 1.2 kg per cubic meter and if you compare the density of liquid water it's 1,000 kilog per cubic meter so the density of liquid is much higher than the density of gas now because gases have very low density they are highly compressible but because solids and liquids have fairly higher density they're only slightly compressible you can't compress them as much as you could with gas because gas has lot of empty space in between the atoms in the case of solid the atoms are closely packed to each other so there's not much space between them which makes them highly incompressible now liquids on the other hand the atoms and molecules in the liquid they're still pretty close to each other kind of like solid because the density is it doesn't really VAR much however notice that they're not as neatly arranged as in solid and that's because they're free to move they're fluid in gas the particles are very far apart from each other and so because of all that empty space you can compress gas now let's talk about something called phase changes so what is phase change it is the process by which we can change from one state of matter into another so let's say if we have solid let's use ice for example if we add heat to ice it's going to melt and it's going to turn into basically puddle of water so it turns into liquid now if we add more heat to this liquid it's going to vaporize into gas and so what happens is it becomes steam so whenever you add heat to solid what happens is the atoms which are originally close together they begin to move apart and as you add more heat to liquid it turns into gas causing the atoms to spread even further away now the opposite is true if we remove heat from gas it can condense back into liquid and if you take away heat from liquid like let's say if you put cup of water in freezer it's going to solidify into ice and so you can control the states of matter that particular substance is in by either increasing or decreasing the temperature by putting heat into it or removing Heat from it now let's review some terms associated with phase changes so if you have solid and you convert it into liquid that process is known as melting if you have liquid and if you convert it into gas this is known as vaporization and if you go directly from solid to gas this is known as sublimation good example of sublimation is dry ice dry ice is solid CO2 carbon dioxide and it will skip the liquid phase thus it's called dry ice it goes straight into the gas phase so the processes listed above these are known as endothermic processes because they need to absorb heat to occur now for the next three processes are known as exothermic processes because heat needs to be released from them in order for it to occur so going from liquid to solid this is known as freezing now going from gas to liquid which is the opposite of vaporization this is called condensation and going from gas to solid this is known as the position now there is fourth state of matter which is known as plasma this state of matter is an ionized gas now the way you can create substance in plasma state is you need to take gas and you need to add heat to it once you add heat to it it turns into plasma state and so this process going from gas to plasma is known as ionization the reverse process is known as recombination and so let's talk about that so let's say we have bunch of gas particles just flowing in the air and we're going to heat it up now if you heat it to very High degree eventually some of the electrons in these atoms will be stripped off the atoms and so basically you're going to have ions with positive charge these are the atoms that lost electrons and not too far from these ions are the electrons that were Stripped Away now here's the key difference between gas and plasma gas in its neutral state does not conduct electricity plasma or an ionized gas does conduct electricity now plasma is present in places like the sun where you have very hot ionized gas it's also present in neon signs they use plasma to generate light and even fire fire is part gas and part plasma another good example is lightning so in order to strip the electrons in gas to create plasma you can add heat or you can add even electricity because neon signs they use electricity to separate the electrons from the gas partic particles creating this plasma state but now once the ionized gas particle and the electron when they recombine to form an atom they will emit light and heat energy and so that's how neon signs work they use electricity to separate the atom from the electrons and when these atoms or rather when these ions and electrons recombine to form the atom they emit light as result so that's my two cents on the four states of matter that's all got hopefully you enjoyed it and whatever you do don't forget to subscribe to this channel if you want more educational content and things like that so thanks again for watching