ZIMSEC O Level Geography Specimen Paper 2 2026 Human Economic Geography Guide Section B

Hello ladies and gentlemen comrades and friends. So I'd like to resume with our geograph paper 2 specimen for 022 stroke 2. so said last time we are going to do three videos accordingly which is in line with the three sections. So in the last video we did section or so but I'd like to apologize for leaving to so today right the business of today section number 4 to six right then on another day we'll do 7 to 9 and wrap it up. So before we get into the section which is which has something to do with natural resources, human and economic geography too. have to answer the 2C that left that eronously left. and it reads how can family protect itself against flooding? It was part and parcel of weather. there's topic in book two called cold weather hazards. and this is also tip of tip of advice for you. If you are studying geography or if you're doing geography at ordinary level, you have to study it continuously starting with even form one stuff because the topics stretch. So if it's whether it's stretching from form one, form two, form three, form four. That's how you have to master it because this very question is from the book two. You can you can verify and check is from the book two is from the form two syllabus by the way. So when you're studying the form four syllabus you have to study it continuously starting from form one. So you have to read whether you have to study whether from form one form two form three up to form four level something like that. Thank you so much. So the question reads, how can family protect itself against flooding, right? So protecting family and home from flooding involves mix of preparation. you have to also come up with my physical defenses and knowing what to do. Let's say the water is reason. So you you must have something that you have to do accordingly. So here are five key ways family can protect itself against flooding. Number one, you have to create an emergency plan kit. Yes, they should also pack go bag you know with essentials like drinking water, non-p perishable foods, first aid supplies, flashlights and you also have to keep copies of important family documents sealed in waterproof bags, you know, right? Then when you talk of physical defensive defensive mechanisms, we have to come up with flood proofing like install physical defenses like property can be protected by using permanent or temporary barriers. think sandbags or floorboards on hand to block doorways and installing non- returnturn valves on drainage pipes to prevent sewage from backing up into the house. So another point is elevate utilities and high value items like washing machines or refrigerators or other electrical appliances like electrical switchboards we have to place them well above expected flood level. So inside the home the valuables the electronics and important papers should be stored on upper floors or high shelves you know. So another system Early warning signs. Families should stay informed. think you have to evacuate. So you must respect those signs accordingly. So families should stay informed by tracking local weather reports, radio broadcast or official flood warning apps. even forecasting and recognizing the signs of rising water levels gives the family crucial time to execute their evacuation plan safely before roads become impossible. Then the other thing is we have to improve property drainage. in there should be some gutters then down pipes and nearby ditches clear of debris ensures rain water can flow away from the house sufficiently and you know like for long-term long-term protection landscaping the garden to slope away from the home's foundation helps redirect water flow even proper drainage You know think I've done justice to that. So let us move on to our section yes. So we are going to do number four to six. so here when we revise right on this channel right we just don't give answers but we can go deeper we can go further to an extent that those who are so much behind will catch up because there are different there there are levels to this you know when you talk of levels there are some who like if you if just scrape on the surface there are some who can understand right but it will be disadvantage to those who do not have like foundation or background knowledge of some of these topics. So when I'll be explaining, won't be just be answering just like copying and pasting marking scheme. No, don't do that. explain in detail. Thank you. For what is sustainable use of resources, right? So it is the utilization of natural resources in manner and at rate that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. So that's part and parcel of what that's what that's part and parcel of what sustainable use of resources entails right but if you come up with your own definition of such it's still fine then classify the following into renewable and nonrene renewable resources. So let us start by defining that's 4 roman 2. Let us start by defining renewable resources. Renewable resources are thoseources which can replenish themselves. Then there's river then there's coal then there's sand then there's lithium and also fish. So let us group them into the river but you find out that river you can renew it and also the fishable but coal sand and lithium are nrenewable especially the most minerals are nonrenewable right so let us read this passage started extracted Below it is about the benefits of the campfire program to the Zimbab rural communities. So communal areas management program for indigenous resources operates in Binga. It has benefited Binga's local communities. Its aim is to encourage wildlife conservation while at the same time generating income through tourism and sustainable utilization of natural resources. So human and wildlife conflict is problem especially elephants which damage crops and houses. So the income generated is invested in building schools, healthc care and fencing fields to keep wildlife away. So state the three objectives of campfire. So from this passage you analyze this passage then you can understand the objectives or what it stands for. Right? So what are the three objectives that number one to encourage wildlife conservation when local community income through tourism, right? Then to promote the sustainable utilization of natural resources and three to mitigate and manage not human and wildlife conflict because as populations grow grow they encroach into the territories of the animals. something. So they look into that. They try to solve the human and wildlife conflict you know so state three problems facing people before the introduction of campfire so right so first point to consider accordingly the frequent human and wildlife conflict that that's is that is Roman 2 like frequent human wildlife So wild animals were also damaging community crops and like destruction of local houses by wild animals. Then lack of direct financial benefits or development funding from hosting wildlife in their regions. So B3 says evaluate the role of campfire in the social economic development of Zimbabwe rural areas. So the ro came in the social economic development right like at the end of the day being initiated in those rural areas. So positively you find out that the program has provided sustainable community funding and it has led to the building of schools and healthcare clinics. It funds security fencing fields to protect food supplies and create jobs in local tourism. So at the end of the day people get like sort of peace of mind that's social. So people have when they are protected from animals from the wild animals they have the peace of mind number one. Number two, the economic benefits, right? Although it also comes with the lead to with the the problem of what the the encounters with the human and wildlife conflict something like that. But you find out that it has played positive role. It has plays positive role according to the point that I've just listed above. Right? So the last one on this part is suggest other strategies to solve human wildlife conflict in areas such as the Zambesi Valley. Say to solve human and wildlife conflict number one we have to create the buffer zones like establish clear geographical buffer zones between communal farmlands and national park borders. Erh when we talk of buffer zones it's it means like we just have to have like sort of boundaries like geographical boundaries whereby people even in the communities know that we are operating from this point up to this point so that they cannot have mixup. So you have to come up with chili fences beekeeping like deploy eco-friendly deterren like chili infused ropes or beehive fences which naturally repel elephants without harming them. So when you have these chew in full chew infused ropes or beehive fences, you find out that the elephants won't be hurt and they won't encroach into the people's residences, right? So you must also have community rangers rangers. We have what we call the neighborhood watch like neighborhood watch is always everywhere in almost locations mine masa and stuff. So you can also have such but they are called comm community rangers like so you have to train and equip local wildlife scouts to monitor animal movements and safely stray wildlife away from animal from from from the fields. Sorry. You can also implement what we call transllocation whereby safely move over populated or problematic animal heads deep into larger restricted game res. So you have to know the difference. They are what we call problem animals. Then they are what we call dangerous animals. They usually target like the people's crops. But when you talk of dangerous animals, you're not talking of hyenas, crocodiles, you know. Yes. So, the the the what the problematic animals that I'm referring to are the one we are supposed to restrict their movements. Then early warning tracking, that's another point like attach satellite tracking callers to indicator head leaders to alert communities via mobile messages when wildlife approach village boundaries. So you must have so you must like put sort of some trackers on the animals so that you can know where they are and if they are going to like attack the what attack the the the the people or their what or their crops. So let us move on to number five. State any four minerals found in Zimbabwe. This one is bread and butter. Do we need to answer this guys? we have gold, platinum, lithium, chrome and also diamonds. what else do we have? Do we have asbestos? this one was an open check. Right. State any four factors which influence mining in Zimbabwe. Right. So that we have to consider. Number one grade and depth of the old deposit. So it is because of the grade of the what of the deposit shallow deposits are cheaper and easier to extract. Yes, my global market prices. It's another consideration. It's another point too like high international demand and strong commodity pricing make mining operations economically viable. Then another thing is availability of capital because mining is is labor or capital based or we can say labor intensive or capital based economic activity you know. So when you talk of the availability of capital, you must have the money to acquire the heavy machinery, the structural exploration, you know, you have to buy those gold dictators and modern processing plants. you know you have to buy even large amounts of mercury you know you also have to look into another point is on infrastructure like access to reliable electricity clean water supplies and operational railway and road networks for transporting heavy mineral oes so another like another factor to consider is government policy regulatory frameworks tax incent and mining laws significantly affect investor confidence. Let's say the we must have laws which are favorable for the what for the investors to come the government must set up such favorable laws for the investors to come so that they can start to what to like mine. Yeah. Yes. Something like that. Right. So what is panning? So panning is an aloial mining method where water in the shallow pan are used to manually separate heavy mineral particles like gold from gra and sand along river beds. So panning that's why they use the word alo. So it's about like like like panning that's why it's called panning. So you use it to separate the what the the gold particles from the gravio and so and send along. So Roman 2 describe characteristics of pan. Yeah. Let's say Mian or being from Mars has just dropped down on Earth and you'd like to explain to that person. Okay, let's say you want to explain to six-year-old that's how you put it across. You say it is predominantly an informal small scale oral mining activity. So when you talk of panning the the formalized system of panning of mining in most cases you need the heavy machinery you need but when it comes to it's just simple it is informal and it is small scale. So it relies heavily on manual labor and simple tools egs, shovels and pans. That's another characteristic rather than complex machinery. So another point to consider is it occurs mainly along river banks right active river beds and lowlying aluvial planes. So but at the same time another characteristic of course it benefits the low income families. Yes we we cannot deny that that's point. But it is also highly destructive of the environment. So it frequently causes severe riveration, bank erosion and water pollution. Then we end up losing our life. That's quite terrible. So describe how indigenous knowledge systems are used in prospecting for gold. Like when you talk of indigenous knowledge systems, yes, when you talk of indigenous knowledge systems, we refer or we are referring to like to prospect the gold in this context. In this knowledge system is very is common aspect or topic in our education. 5 comma 0. It appears even in FRS it appears in heritage whereby we talk of how indigenous ways were used to like substantiate health issues look into leadership look into we look into the taboos and stuff. So life general life that's part and pass of indigenous system and still applicable even up to this day. So that's where the question is coming from like discuss describe how isn't it? Yes. So let let us describe how indigenous knowledge systems are used in prospecting for gold. Number one, vegetation indicators like observing specific tree species or standard plant growth patterns that point to high mineral concentration in the underlying soil. So, So the issue of soil text nowadays they using gold dictators with the gold dictators you just point it on the ground like this then it will ring this alarm to show that there is gold so we didn't have that 500 years ago during the existence of great they could use soil color and texture they will just look with their naked eyes and judge that there is what there is like or there mineral minerals down there. So identifying distinct changes in quartz veins or specific underground rock types that traditionally host gold. So they could also analyze antio analysis like sampling and panning soils from deep reaching ant use as termites bring up deeper mineral indicators to the surface. So there are also topographical landmark marks like following specific river pathways and landscape depressions where heavy minerals naturally settle during historical flood events. Those are some of the consideration they took. Quite interesting. Then then suggest how gold panning can increase the gross national product. to what extent does does it do it panning how can it help us? Number one, for for it to improve right the economy of the country in one way or the other, we must formalize formalization and buying centers like by legalizing and registering at miners. The state can buy all gold directly through official senders like fidelity printers and refiners directly boosting national gold output reserves. That's the point. So what is being said here is Then at the end of the day the country will be what the country will be benefiting. That's what is being put across here. Then we also have taxation and licensing like collecting mineral processing fees and small scale permit levels. So you have to give them like the small scale permits you know and job creation. You have to provide employment to to to thousands of informal workers. increases our household incomes, spurring local economic spending on goods and services, you know, and like it can help in local enterprise growth. Like it stimulates secondary industries such as local local equipment manufacturing, two supply shops and regional transport services. You know, when you talk of two supply shops, say that when when it comes to gold panning, one of the characteristics of gold pannings later on. So, you must understand that correlation of factors it makes the life easier for you. So like said this one this answer is linked with the characteristics of what of growth panning itself like we use simple tools for it to grow the economy of the country or to like boost the coffers of the economy of the country. The more we stimulate it, right, the more we support it, we have people, right? Number six. Number six. Name the types of industries represented by the following economic activities. Right. Before we look into the industries, mainly we have three major types of industries. Right. We have the primary industries then the secondary industries then the tertiary industries. So what is the duty of the primary industries? The duty of the primary industry is to provide raw materials just like farm where milk is produced or where maze are harvested and produced right then the duty of the secondary industry is to convert raw materials into finished goods. What am saying? If we would get the milk from the farmer's raw material from the primary industry, the duty of the secondary industry is to convert that milk into yogurt is to convert that milk into an ice cream just like what they do at dairy board. Right? Then the tertiary industries offer what we call backup services to other industries. What am saying? After milking the cows at that farm, the milk must be transported from the farm to dair. So transport does the job here. So the transport system offers what we call backup services. It's part of what service industries. So service industries they will be dealing with the research technology. Yes. So we have mining insurance car assembly farming and research development. So mining is under primary industries because we get like the that's that's raw material. Then we have insurance. Insurance is part and parcel of the tertiary industries. They are service industries. Car assembly of Godzilla motor into finished good that's secondary industry then farming obvious it's primary it provides the raw materials then research and development it's part and parcel of what we call the cotinary industry that's part of six what 6A like mining its primary industry because the question reads name the types of industries represented by the following economic activities and the economic activities included mining insurance car assembly farming and research development. So you find out that mining is primary, insurance is tertiary, car assembly it's secondary, farming is primary, then research and development is the cinary industry. Right? So state any three examples of secondary industries in Zimbabwe. that's two. state three examples of secondary industries in Zimbabwe. so we have food processing and canning because said secondary industries are there to convert raw materials into finished goods like food processing and canning eg foods national foods. Then we have those which do texture and clothes manufacturing Nashes then sugar right explain any three factors influencing the location of secondary industries. indry factors that are supposed to be considered for us to like establish laws long time on why what did we consider right so another point of consideration first point of consideration be Roman one number six number one it's worth six marks proximity to raw materials just like when how sugar is produced in right it is because the sugar plantations are near the sugar what refiner refineries. So proximity to raw materials like bulky or perishable materials mean factories located nearby to cut down on transportation cost. Then it should be proximity to markets. Are you getting the sense? ability of power and water like manufacturing operations need consistent electricity grids and massive water reserves for processing and cooling. This one was three six marks, right? So you have to pinpoint three factors and explain each one of them you know right then B2 B2 outline health and environmental problems associated with the manufacturing industries. Number one, air pollution, right? They emit or build some like bad air, right? Heavy smoke emissions. They release toxic gases triggering respiratory diseases like as my nearby residential setups. If in water pollution like treated chemicals they can find their way into the rivers and it will destroy the aquatic life and tains municipal drinking water supplies. Then there's also the issue of solid waste accumulation like poor disposal of industrial scrap metal and plastic byproducts creates hazardous landscapes. Then the issue of noise pollution too like constant loud factory machinery leads to hearing damage and sleep disturbances for nearby communities. You know that's that's that's another point. So so what can we do? that's says design an environmental health checklist to determine the level of safety at local company. so when you talk of health list you are trying to say let's say we have workers at certain company you have to create sort of table which shows things that that they should have for them to be safe. think there is NASA for the from the government dealing with such issues like the checklist or what is required is number one are workers supplied with adequate personal protective equipment like the PPE because some areas some industries are toxic so you must have like the masks the boots and also the ear plugs then is there an approved waste management and affluent disposal system on site so that you cannot damage or pollute the environment right within the confines of that industry. Then factory air emissions regularly monitored and kept within legal limits. Those are some of the consideration. Another checklist is do we have emergency fire exits? Do we have even the fire extinguishers? Are the fire extinguishers serviced and functional? So another point to consider on our checklist is is clean, safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities provided for all employees. Do we have all that for everyone? So health checklisting water So those are some of the points to consider. checklist. Checklist. So that's it for tonight, guys. Thank you. Bye-bye for now.