The Story of The Umayyad Caliphate │ Islamic Caliphates 2 3

our story starts where we left off in the newly founded umayyad caliphate in 661 A.D when Moana has recently seized power across the caliphate he would bring series of reforms but his first one would be changing the capital from Medina to Damascus the new capital where power would be centered around would have main theme the neighboring Byzantine Empire to the West if you remember from our last video the Byzantine Empire was extremely weak and maulia wanted to capitalize on this he did this by launching conquest in Byzantine North Africa omaya troops Martian and successfully captured it meanwhile in the East campaign was launched against Hindu maharajas where Umayyads seized but perhaps maowa's most famous campaign would occur in the Byzantine Heartland in the capital city of Constantinople where maulia would order Siege of the city Moana ordered the construction of an Islamic Navy and sent his son yazid to sail near Constantinople there the Byzantine Navy intercepted their ships and Naval battles occurred to get better look we have to zoom in to map of Constantinople Constantinople had fortified City walls which made it hard to enter the omayyad and Byzantine ships fought long and hard but the byzantines gained the upper hand this is mainly due to Greek Fire being used by the byzantines the Umayyads were forced to make The Landings without Naval support the emperor of the byzantines Constantine IV was ruling at the time both sides got ready for traditional Siege but without umayyad Naval superiority the byzantines were able to just ship their food in The Siege will last four years and would end up in an amayyad withdrawal and defeat although The Siege was an Amaya defeat it allowed the Umayyads to capture the islands of Crete and dodecanis conflict still continued as long-term conflict between the byzantines and Muslims maowa also divided the caliphate into four sections Arabia Iraq and Persia Egypt and North Africa and Syria continued usman's policies of bureaucratization he also developed Islamic politics increased the rights for non-muslims and he focused more on Arab nationalism over the Islamic faith just like Osman before him he gave power to provincial Governors and he created regional Administration he would also establish the umayya dynasty which made the caliph monarchic position to be passed down in the umayyad caliphat the caliph lived in palace and enjoyed great luxury so everything in the umayyad caliphate was going great right well not exactly if you remember the previous caliph before Malia was Imam Ali who is remembered as hero due to him being very close to the prophet Muhammad of Islam and with mauliya having fought Ali it put bad look on maoya's reputation after Ali died maowa started spreading the propaganda that Ali was traitor but that was far from the truth this paired with the fact that Maui as Governors were corrupt caused lot of resistance against the Umayyads and mawia but many people also appreciated Maui's reforms so many of them backed down and things calm down that was until maulia died in 680. Maui would make council to pick his successor but it would be rigged to get Maui son yazid in power sadly for the people of the umayyad caliphate yaziz Reign was filled with corruption yazid spent most of his time in palace and was remembered as greedy his love for alcohol and lavish lifestyle distorted the image of Islam but worst of all if anyone opposed yazid they would be brutally murdered or imprisoned these factors made resistance against the Umayyads and yazid at an all-time high but mainly one man rose up the Imam Hussain in Medina but who was this man and how was he able to challenge the caliph himself for that we have to look at the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's family tree Muhammad married Khadijah their daughter would be Fatima Fatima would marry Ali and their son would be Imam Hassan so the Imam Hassan was the grandson of the prophet of Islam if you are thinking if he was the grandson of the Prophet himself then why wasn't he caliph well that's what the people of the caliphate were also thinking Hussein marched to the city of kufa where he tried to gain support but yazid threatened anyone who would support his hand yazid also gave bribes to the people of kufa and in an act of cowardice the people of kufa left Hussein without any support so at karbala Imam Hassan and yazid met and battle occurred now yazid had large army of five thousand meanwhile Hussain had 70 volunteers knew he wouldn't win the battle and gave religious sacrifice he sacrificed his life and was martyred and his bravery and courage is still remembered to this day the umayyad caliphate now went through period of complete Civil War and political instability known as the second fitna it starts when man named Abdullah IBN al-zubair revolts against yazid and the umayyats yazid would die and be replaced by Moana II was unable to stop also Bear's revolt and Elsa bear was able to take large amount of territory from the umayyats even managing to take kufa in Iraq also bear would continue to be thorn in the back of the amayyads as if things couldn't get any worse Arabia and Egypt fell to nomadic tribes all we have the second would be unable to do anything about these revolts and would die soon after he would be replaced by Marwan Marwan would send armies into Egypt and brought it back into the amayyad hands number one would die shortly after and be replaced by Abdul Malik and under his Reign things would change greatly man named almukhtar would revolt and carve out his own Shia caliphate religious act called the harajites would gain control in Arabia and South Persia with the arrival of the harajites Persia completely fell the conflict continued and the situation got worse but Abdul Malik and the umayyad caliphate would have trick up their sleeves the umayyad army the caliphate had an army before but it was disorganized into volunteers Abdul Malik changed that and organized the Army into proper army with divisions and organization this Army would retake most of the umayyad territory re-establishing control over the Caucasus Persia and Arabia by 692 A.D Abdul Malik ordered Makkah to be besieged the holy city was besieged but Elizabeth died mid-siege and due to that his caliphate fell Abdul Malik's creative leadership had successfully had the Umayyads retake all of their lost territories in the second fitna Abdul Malik also established proper currency and he reportedly built the golden dome in Jerusalem his Reign also saw conflict with the byzantines he also carried out an Arab nationalization where he valued Arab culture more than the Islamic faith some Scholars marked this as the turning point when the Islamic caliphate ended and the Arab caliphate started as mentioned before he reshaped the umayyad army with this Army he conquered Algeria Abdel Malik made long-lasting changes to the caliphate and now he would die who would be replaced by al-walid his son Abdul Malik left great large army due to this alwali's Reign would have one main theme Conquest who would start series of conquest by launching an incursion into Central Asia and connecting the caliphate to the Aral Sea Aloha is the most famous campaign was in the Iberian Peninsula this is where Moroccan Berber tribes came in contact with amayyad troops in which they secured victory and were able to seize Morocco you see this opened door to Western Europe you see the amayyads and the Muslims greatly wanted to capture Europe they did this by attacking the byzantines in the East but now they had another opening into Europe there said the Visigoths of Spain the Umayyads chose Tariq IBN Zaid to lead campaign against the Visigoths on the Spanish visigoth side was King Roderick both men came into conflict but Roderick unexpectedly died in battle allowing Tariq bin Zaid to take the Iberian Peninsula Iberia adopted new Muslim cultural identity and many great mosques with great architecture were built in Iberia this famous painting was also taken of caliph of Damascus Aloha lead accepting gifts also built Grand umayyad Mosque of Damascus alwalid had successfully asserted omayyad control over modern-day Iberia Morocco and Turkmenistan alohid would die and be replaced by Suleiman Suleiman would attack the zoroastrian dyubids and successfully conquered the South Caspian Sea Suleiman also focused on the byzantines he launched further campaigns against them including yet another Siege of Constantinople for the third time the great city was besieged this time different strategy was employed muslima IBN Abdul Malik would March through Anatolia to Constantinople capturing towns along the way there in Constantinople the umayyad armies besieged the city this time the omeyads were heavily prepared with Siege battalions and proper food supply and Naval Supply but the siege has too many details to cover in this video so would highly recommend watching this video by Kings and Generals which talks about the specific Siege of Constantinople in depth but all you have to know is that the siege lasted one year and failed Suleiman would die and be replaced by Omar II who is the great grandson of the original Omer II which we talked about in part one only the second would make peace with the byzantines is Ryan focused on converting Jews and Christians to Islam which was partly successful he would die in 720 and be replaced by yazid the second who spent most of his reign in the civil war with the karajites he would die shortly after and be replaced by Hashem would be greedy and extract lot of taxes from the people he was unpopular and centralized all his power in Damascus where he ruled as an autocrat basically dictator and also many of his Governors were against him he restarted campaigns against the byzantines but he found no success perhaps his most famous campaign would be in Iberia where he attempted expanding into Western Europe so the umayyad Army prepared but something was in their way the French also known as the Franks led by Charles Martel battle raged on between the Christians and the Muslims both sides saw this point as decisive if the Umayyads won they would easily take Western Europe meanwhile Christian kingdoms and the French saw this battle as the last ditch attempt to save Christianity for Muslim expansion and at the Battle of Tours in 732 the umayyad suffered major blow permanently halting the advance of Muslim expansion in Western Europe Charles Martel and the Christians had secured major victory the battle weakened the omayyad Army greatly but what was even worse was that the Berber tribes revolted from the Umayyads the berbers were successful and cut the caliphate in half in the east against the khazars and the Caucasus conflict occurred as well as against turkic Mercenaries border conflicts grew and weakened the caliphate further Zaid Ivan Ali also launched Revolt in Iraq ishan died and would be replaced by al-walit the second and Allah leads to the second Reign the cracks in the caliphate grew larger alwali II didn't have long reign as yazid III launched an Insurgency and took control over the throne killing his predecessor you'll see the third promises to make changes and reforms but he died after six months and he was replaced by Ibrahim but he would Advocate after just two months he would finally be replaced by Marwan II and under his Reign the situation got much worse his Governors and army rebelled meanwhile the byzantines took advantage of this instability and launched attacks but mainly the umayyad's downfall would come when ethnic nationalists shrias harajites and basically everyone who opposed Umayyads fled to modern-day Turkmenistan the reason they chose Central Asia was because the Christians govern the Muslims there and umayyad opponents exploited this to encourage the people to revolt this would be the Abbasid Revolution all the umayyad opponents gathered under the leadership of Abu Muslim and marched across the caliphate with black flags the opponents were easily able to march across Persia and kill caliph Marwan II and they would then go on to establish the Abbasid caliphate ending our story wait what's that area did forget the color on the map well no you see when the Abbasid Revolution seized the throne they killed all of the Amaya Dynasty princes and princesses except one lucky prince abdara Rahman who was able to flee to Iberia in which he would continue the umayyad dynasty but with different name the caliphate of Cordoba and finally now that ends our story foreign