٨ ٢ ٠ ٢ ٦ ميلاد نظام الاقتصاد العالمي تشكيل عصر أمستردام

in the former lecture, spoke about the trajectory of evolution of world economic system. The story started in the middle of 12th century. This was the time when European economy was able produce surplus. Each form of trade, each form of special communication necessary somehow surplus. The first phase of evolution of world economic system was bipolar medieval economic system, northern pole, low country, recently is Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, more or less. little bit Denmark, little bit France. This is the northern pole. And the southern pole was Italian cities. The northern pole industrial specialized with industrial specialization, and the southern pole distribution trade. And between these pole organized meeting point. This was the fair of Champagne. This was the first phase. The second one under direction of Venice. Venice was who organized the distribution of oriental spice whole of Europe. You know, you remember the story make video recall loaded up to my education channel, you can see. This was the second phase. The third phase in consequence of great geographical discoveries which performed in the first phase by Portuguese. the core area of the Portuguese phase of great geographical geographical discoveries located to Antwerp. It's Belgian, recently Belgian city. It This was the age of Antwerp. This was the meeting point with the German trader who distributed colonial products in Europe and organized international trade. And the Portuguese interaction and the collaboration German and the Portuguese. This was the age of Antwerp. And four phases of evolution of world economic system focus to Genoa. Genoa was the last Mediterranean city who dominated the global trade. And not directly, but indirectly because integrated to Spanish world economy Spanish colonial network. Genoese trader, state merchant as defined in the last lecture, organized international communication system. But at the beginning of 17th century, the Genoese wasn't able dominate and monopolize the international trade and appear new candidate. new candidate, the Netherlands and the Dutch trader. Somebody visited in Netherlands? Nobody. suggest for you enjoyed stay half year in Netherlands with fellowship of Dutch academic system and enjoyed because socialized Hungarian plain area. hate the mountains. hate. And in Netherlands it's plain area. It's open horizontal and very similar to the Hungarian Great Hungarian Plain. Okay. And other one Dutch people it's very friendly to my experiences. No such little bit disdain position like the French people and and little bit cold than the English people. It's very friendly people. And travel everywhere on the world. The greatest traveler according to my experience whole of Europe the Dutch people. Each second Dutch people it's personal statistical experience visiting in Hungary. It's Hungary not the highest destination for for international tourism. But everywhere travel to everywhere in Europe. Okay, look at the story. Look at the story how became Netherland and Amsterdam capital not official capital because the official capital of Netherland is Hug as you know suppose. But the real capital and recently the almost the official it's double capital beside Hug Amsterdam. Look at the age of Amsterdam. So. Okay. Amsterdam spoke little bit about the story of Amsterdam. Amsterdam historically in the Middle Age was small village. Somebody remember on the side of which river? Somebody remember? River. Which river? Which is the name? If somebody enjoyed the drinking beer recently this is name of Dutch beer brand. Amstel. Somebody know Amstel? Historically Amsterdam was small village on the side on the river side of Amstel. Amsterdam became international city and the capital of Amsterdam in consequence of disaster. In consequence of disaster. Because it happened 12,000 12,000 82 or 3, don't remember exactly, great flood storm flood which destroyed the line of the of the of the sea coast and then made great artificial, not artificial but disastrous bay. It's name Zuiderzee. It's very difficult very easy translate to to English, the southern southern sea. It's consequence made by storm disaster. And became Amsterdam from continental village city on the side of northern sea, on the side of northern sea. It's transitional period, age of Amsterdam transitional period between age of city state like Venice, like Antwerp, like Genoa and the territorial state like France, like England and like Spain. The second they somehow carried the tradition of Genoa and tradition of Antwerp. Okay, look at nobody visited in in Amsterdam. Therefore, very useful to see some impression about Amsterdam and try to comment, make comment about the short movie. Because the history is not theoretical story, it's real story which unfolded on space. Look at Amsterdam. With just over 1 or 2 million people, Amsterdam is the largest city in the Netherlands, the country most people know as Holland. This multicultural city warmly embraces tourists with over 3.5 million people visiting each year. The Dutch are very tolerant and friendly to talk to. And everybody speaks English. The heart of the city is so interesting that it is like an historical open-air museum. No wonder that the inner canal district is internationally protected heritage site. In the 17th century, Amsterdam was center for world economy and many of the canal houses and old warehouses date from this golden age. Some landmarks, such as the Oudeker in the Red Light District, even date back to the 13th century. Just short walk from the Central Station is iconic Dam Square, built nearly 750 years ago. Its purpose gave the city its name, Amsterdam. The dam built around the river Amstel to protect it from the inland sea. The square is dominated by the Royal Palace. From its windows, you can see the National Monument dedicated to the many Dutch victims of World War II. The Dam also houses Madame Tussauds wax collection. The impressive wax collection combines humor with an insight into Holland's in history. Listen to fragments of Anne Frank's famous diary or visit her old hiding place to understand what life was like for Jewish families during Nazi occupation. It is not surprising that Europeans call Amsterdam the Venice of the North. No less than 165 canals, crossed by thousand bridges, divide the compact city center. Forget about cars. The best way to see the city center is by foot or, as the Dutch would say, just get on your bike. Alternatively, take the tram across the city to the Museumplein. Art and history lovers insist that you haven't seen Amsterdam if you haven't seen the paintings by the Dutch masters that are on display here. The Rijksmuseum focuses on Dutch painters from the Golden Age. But don't forget there are over 1 million other artworks on display in this museum with 200 rooms. Located nearby is the Van Gogh Museum, dedicated to poor but legendary 19th-century painter. Sadly, he didn't live long enough to see his work become world famous. Witness the fine art of transforming rough stones into sparkling jewels in the Diamond Museum. For centuries, Amsterdam was the diamond polishing center of the world. gentle 10-minute stroll northwest brings you to the popular Vondelpark. On sunny days, it bursts into life as locals and tourists alike come in to relax and people watch. If you're beer lover, make your way over to the old Heineken brewery. It is the place to sample one of the world's most popular lagers. Submerge yourself in the interactive Heineken experience. Further to the field stalls of the flower market, follow the broad canal northeast to the Nieuwmarkt. In the old days, Dutch traders used to come in to weigh in their butter and cheese. Leaving the Nieuwmarkt, you can walk through Chinatown to the Central Station or take short detour to the Wallen, one of the world's oldest and most famous red-light districts. Today, coffee shops and adult emporiums keep the anything goes spirit of this neighborhood alive. As evening sets, head to the Leidseplein, square that is buzzing with live music and nightlife. After dark, the canal district takes on romantic air, the perfect backdrop for moonlit walk before you retreat to your hotel. There is no other city like Amsterdam. With its seafaring history, charming gable houses, remarkable art, and cosmopolitan people, it is place that you won't easily forget. Yes, if somebody visited in the Netherlands, mainly to Amsterdam, the majority of people use Sorry. Use device of traffic, bike. The people who know historical information about the story history of Dutch traffic imagine that it's happened from the beginning of the 20th century is not true. Very interesting on the time of modernization after the Second World War using of car was similarly popular in the Netherlands. But in consequence the first fuel crisis at the beginning of 70s increase the price of gasoline and generally the oil so high that the Dutch people changed to the bike because it's it's it's for nothing compared with the price of the gasoline and because it's was good practice the Dutch people continue. And very important peculiarity of the of the Dutch Republic from the beginning Protestant ethics. You know that which is the Protestant ethics? Save the money. Save the money and because it was good answer for the for the fuel prices and the change the device of the traffic at quite moderate size of the size of country. Therefore, it's very efficient. For example, in the case of Amsterdam 80% 80% of traffic used by bike. But the bike are very dangerous very dangerous. For example, had lot of time accident because it's very very fast very fast and complained for the academic institute for the for the for the accident for the aggressiveness of the of the bikers, but one of my Dutch colleague told to me biker never work here you. The car driver it's possible. It's true. Okay, continue the story. Okay. hope you remember show for you this slide at the beginning of the course. When spoke about northern and the southern pole of European economy. This is the location, the geographical location of of Netherland and general sense low country, very very bad physical environment. Why? Because majority, not majority, but 1/3 of the country it's lowland under the sea level, under the sea level. probably you remember the for example paintings about the landscape of Netherland, lot of windmill. And the function of the windmill, not the grinding of cereals, no. Function of water pump is pushing up up up the water from the this lowland area and flow back the surplus of water to the North Sea. Okay, danger of flood storms. It's quite continuous. Sometimes it's useful like happen on the history of Amsterdam, but it's continuous danger. large area under sea level as mentioned. low fertility of soil, not good agrarian area according to fertility of soil. The forms of adaptation. The first one, water regulation. Very important if somebody traveling for example in Netherland, water regulation, lot of devices. very dense network of channels. Look at for example the movie about Amsterdam. 165 channel it's cutting and and separate different district of Amsterdam. Water regulation is it's very old tradition. Not by chance participated on conference about the global warming. Probably you know, one of the most dangerous consequence of global warming, the rising of of global global sea level. Probably according to forecast, until the end of 21st century, will rise the sea level with 1 1 in global level. It's very dangerous for the for the Netherlands, but which is the answer of the time of the water engineer engineers? Rising the dam with 2 For example, in the case of Bangladesh, no similar option. No similar option. Therefore, recently one of the most fragile area it's Bangladesh, for example. It's possible spoke about the story of Bangladesh. Yeah, not yet. Not yet. Somebody from Bangladesh or near to Bangladesh? It's very interesting. Why? will return the story of Netherlands, but it's history and changing position of Bangladesh very interesting example that up and down. The history it's example for the position might be changed very deeply. Until the beginning of modernization, until the industrial revolution, the most developed country according to GDP per capita was Bengalia. Why? Because fertile plain area. The great river Ganges and Brahmaputra came from Himalaya. It's very rich water background. It's flow to the large plain area of Bengalia. On this period, the traditional period, the income and the economic position depend on the agriculture. Why? Because 90% of population were primary producer, peasant. But, in consequence of industrial revolution, the position of of agriculture changed basically. Look at recently. Recently, how many percent in developed country it's working on the frame of agriculture? 1 2 3 4, and 5 is the highest one. Therefore, the position of agriculture lost. Moreover, in consequence of global warming, rising the water level of sea, and started because majority of Bengalia very near to the level of global sea. Therefore, rising sea level is covering large coastal area with salt water, saline water. In salt water, no possibility for plant farming. Moreover, to the ground water, there is infiltration of salt water. Therefore, large area of Bengalia became useless for any form of plant farming and agrarian activity. Moreover, recently, which is the most important source of of GDP, industry and the service, not the agriculture. Therefore, before the industrial revolution, the highest GDP per capita whole of the world, including England and United States, everything, Hungary, was Bengalia. And the recently, one of the worst position. Okay, because change the change the structure of economy. But, turn back to the story, water regulation. Textile industry. spoke about that in the traditional time, 60% of industry was textile industry. fishery, it's very important in the Christian diet for the fasting period, no other meal, only the fishes. maritime trade, it's area on the seaside, and industrialized agriculture. What mean the industrialized agriculture? Industrialized industrialized agriculture mean making raw material for industrial activity. For example, raw material for textile, raw material for painting. You know the term of pastel pastel? This is the very special color. And the raw material of pastel is grass. And very important and industrialized agriculture, very important, the added value. If some For example, there is raw material and the added value other one. You know the tulip, tulip flower. tulip, original version of the tulip and the homeland of the tulip mountain Tian Shan Tian Shan in Central Asia. And one color exists only the red one. And but in consequence of breeding there is there are lot of color. But the original red is, for example, one euro and the dark purple 5,000. Therefore, it's added value make flower market. If you will visit to Netherland, you can see one of the largest market is flower market and flower market. The seeds and the and the tulip and other flowers. Industrialized agriculture means for example dairy farming. It's making cheese because in the traditional time no things, no technology of conservation, only the cheese. Somebody watches for example original Dutch cheese market. 2 meters large. 2 meters large. Why? Because the outer part of the cheese it's drying. Therefore, the proportion of the losing in consequence of the drying minimize for the large size. Large size four people is bringing to the cheese market one piece of cheese. This was conservation. Therefore, it's industrialized by industrialized because from the raw material made some products for the market. Okay. This is the picture of Netherlands without dams. Without water regulation. Majority to majority of country should to be under water without water regulation. Amsterdam and Groningen raised that Leeuwarden here Groningen. Almost all of the country should to be under water level. And the for example the eastern coast should to be in Utrecht. Utrecht is very near to the boundary of Germany. Contemporaries realized that without water regulation half of the country should to be under water. One other contemporary it's from the it's how the name is article from the journal published in England. Holland is bordering country, it's plain area. It's flat floating on in the water. And Lodovico Guicciardini published in his diary, the land is low-lying all the rivers and the canals are enclosed by dikes so that they don't flow at the ground and in many places on sea with great astonishment that the water is higher than the land. It's surprising. Somebody walking for example on the street and the channel and the dam of channel and the water level much higher. Much higher. Because this is technology, it's bringing back the water to the sea. It's artificial country. If somebody for example on the land on the landscape travel, it's totally artificial country. Started in the 1,000 years ago. For example, this is the this is the first line of the defense on the water regulation of the dunes. The dunes. It's very handmade version of the of the water regulation which started even in the early Middle Ages. This is special grass. It's very rare this kind of the grass able to use saline water, salt water. It's exceptional exceptional. And the first first version of the water regulation saving this special grass which localize the sand on the seaside. Okay. The contemporaries in the Middle Ages and the modern time spoke about the Dutch miracle. Dutch miracle. It's artificial country where the soil fertility is very very moderate and according to first survey not able for making human ecosystem. But moreover, very small area, very small area. Size of the country 41,526 square kilometer. The land no underwater temporarily or continuously is only 33,883 square kilometer. And more than 7 thousand square kilometer temporarily or continuously underwater. Unbelievable. Unbelievable. It's possible foreign student realize that there is, for example, in Hungary it's part of identity if you are small country. Compare with the Netherlands. Netherlands half of recent Hungary. Half of the recent Hungary. and no small country identity in the in the circle of the Dutch people. It's very interesting. Not physical condition determine the construction of the identity. This. Moreover, the population it's at the beginning of 16th century 1 million. In the middle of the 17th century, 2 million. Why interesting? Why interesting? Because half of the country living in urban area, in cities, in cities. And in the traditional of time urban area not able reconstruct themselves. Population of the country doubled. Which is the conclusion? Netherlands historically target of immigration. One country where the population, majority of population, living in cities, urban area, and increase the population, the consequence no more immigration. Immigration. Therefore, one of the most important source of the success of Dutch Republic is open arm for immigrant. Why? Because the immigrant able to export free importance products. For example, majority of immigrant are young people. Therefore, life energy. Able to export import depend on the point of view, life energy. The second one knowledges skills of that. For example, artisan, for example, financer, for example, primary producer. There is some skill and knowledges. This is the second one. And the third one, money and the capital which movable. And each of them integrated by Dutch capitalism and was basic element of the success of Dutch Republic. Dutch about the Dutch agriculture, some information. as Jan de Vries famous economic historian wrote in his economic history of Dutch Republic that capitalism grow out from the soil of Holland. Therefore, it was not only the textile industry, not only the banking, but even agriculture based to capitalist rule and capitalist logic of capitalism. High farming. High farming, this was the dairy farming and the most important actor of dairy farming it's Holstein Fries cow. How Holstein Fries cow? Holstein Fries it's it's long history of breeding. breeding is very dangerous, very dangerous because don't know you have information about the technology of the of the classical traditional breeding somehow necessary to reinforce some peculiarity. In the case of Holstein Fries cow, the most important peculiarity, the production of milk. Production of milk. Therefore, this construction is very fragile because very near relatives necessary to use in the process procedure of the breeding. Therefore, the life expectancy one cow no more than 10 years. 10 years. And very fragile for the sickness. But the productivity unbelievable. 40 per day. 40 One cow drink 100 water per day. Per day. It's unbelievable. And make cheese. moreover, make for the raw material for the textile industry, flax, hemp, rape, hops, tobacco, and the dye plants like mentioned pastel pastel paint. And dairy farming, commercialization commercialized agriculture, commercialized agriculture mean that the local peasant produce raw material for the local industry and the state foods like wheat, like for example rye, buying on the market, buying on the market even. Okay, look at the fishery. The fishery is very important, very interesting. The newcomers visited in in Netherlands. Sorry, newcomers visited in Netherlands, no? Nobody? Netherlands? You know, this is country. No problem, okay. But if somebody real visit in Netherlands, very interesting the fishery and the fishes, it's very important. Very important, but no restaurant meal. It's street food, very interesting, very important, but only left street food. If somebody walking on the street, there is for example fishes sandwich with different fishes, but no classical restaurant meal. Not by chance Denis Diderot, editor of great French encyclopedia, wrote United Provinces, this is the Netherlands, Egypt of Europe, Egypt of Europe because it's regularized water regulated channels that work. And English translator wrote about fleet and the sailor not sea academy of the mariners and the pilots of Dutch Dutch rivers. Okay, look at the fishing. Look at the fishing. Fishing industry divided four channel, four direction. The first one inshore or inland inland water race, it's small fishes. It's not important, only the local using. But the second one herring industry, herring industry. It named the great fishery in in Netherlands. will speak why named the The fishery. The second one the cod fishery in the northern part of the northern sea, Dogger Bank and the Iceland around the water around Iceland and the whale fishery whale fishery whale fish you know the mammal the sea mammal. And somebody know why so popular whale fishery? And how use the grass of whale? Which was the form of the using? Grass of whale. Nobody know. Lighting. Lighting. Because the smell of the whale grass it's very good. Very good. Any other any other the candle and and the oil lamp and other it's very bad smell. And the whale grass it's was luxury consumption for lighting on the on the building. Okay. Look at the look at the herring. Very interesting the story of herring. It's possible told to you that the climate change not only recently because everybody know that recently we are living on the time of global warming global warming. But before the global warming which started at the turn of 19 and the 20th century before that had other climate periods. It's name late ice age. It's very cold period. If somebody read the novel of Dickens on the first half of 19th century in England snow cover and the people frozen in winter time it was general. If somebody recently visiting neither in England if there is cold for example frozen day or or snowing it's breaking, break it's breaking story on the BBC. Recently, we are living in the recent global warming. For example, in Seged, if somebody living 4 years in Seged, realize that snow cover only 1 or 2 days per winter time, per winter time. On the time of my my my childhood, this happened very far. It was normal that 2 3 4 week it's snow cover stay all of the country. Therefore, we are living in the global warming, but on the time of Little Ice Age, which started in the 14th century and closed at the beginning of 20th century, it was very very cold period. For example, the Thames on London frozen over and organized fair on the snow on the on the ice cover. And the Danube and the Rhine and the Seine is frozen over each river. And in consequence of global warming global cooling, because this Little Ice Age global cooling, changed the position of fishes. On the Middle Ages, it was warm period, the fishes the herring live on the Norwegian Sea, northern part of the northern sea. But in consequence of global cooling, global cooling, because the optimal temperature of global sea decreased, the herring moved southward. Very interesting story, because on the time the population of Europe increased. Up here, Little Ice Age, cold period. In consequence of cold period, the vegetation period shortened and the cultivation area decreased. Therefore, majority of European population living standards is down. Except the population who lived in the coastal area. In the coastal area. Why? Because the huge quantity of herring moved down and the fishery fleet produce year by year unbelievable quantity of fishes. Not by chance, in Netherland had 1,500 fishing vessel fishing ships, great fishing ships, with the 12,000 fishermen, and year per year produce 50 to 100 tons thousand tons of herring. With salted and smoked. And this was the golden of Netherland. Not by chance, this period is great golden cold period between the middle of 16th and the 17th century named in the Dutch history century of herring. Why interesting? Because this is the age of great geographical discoveries. And in this period majority of European continental populations lived in starvation underfeeding, except the coastal population. Who organized colonial procedure of colonization, is well-fed, good condition, Good condition. In consequence of increasing productivity of fishery, Dutch golden mine as contemporary's name. And not by chance that the famous act of navigation, this was declaration of of English republic on the on the time of English reformation, is focused to fishing of herring because this was the most important animal, the most important target of English and the Dutch fleets. fleets of the Netherlands, it's very interesting story. Why? Because whole of the European fleet counted 12,000 fish ships, 12,000 ships. And half of European fleet sailed under Dutch fleet, 6,000. The largest fleet under under direction of Dutch Republic. Under direction of Dutch Republic. Does somebody know recently how many percent of global trade organized by ship? How many percent? My guess. 19. Sorry? 15. 15? 15. 15. One offer, 15. Another one? 19. 80. 80? 20. Majority of global trade based to maritime trade, even now, even recently. But this story started on the early Middle Ages. Half of the half of the ships under Dutch flag, under Dutch flag. Another guess, it's It's connected to the Dutch history. How many percent of information it's communicated by cable under the sea? How many percent? 19. 19. Unbelievable. We depend on the cable under the sea. Cable under the sea. Not by chance. You you know the stories that the ships it's great it's it's dark fleet of Russia. Cutting the cable under the Baltic Sea because other other part of the global sea global ocean no competence for that. But on the Baltic Sea it's cutting. The It's very fragile network because 90% of information it's go and come and go by this kind of the cables. Okay. It's 48,000 sailor on the on the on the vessels and the key element of the almost full monopoly of the global trade monopolization of raw material. It's possible you remember the story when spoke about the Baltic trade. The Baltic trade the most important area of raw material of shipbuilding. Timber and tar. tar you know made from pine and this is the one unique device of insulation of the body of the ships. And the Dutch people monopolized the Baltic area raw material of shipbuilding. century of herring per day per year you you remember and the most important innovation center like recently the Google on the time was sardine. You remember the story the great great travel of Russian Tsar Peter the Great Peter the Great. He was the first Tsar first emperor who left Russia voluntarily voluntarily. And he visited in sardine. So famous for the contemporaries ship making factories that even the Russian Tsar who traveled to Western Europe visited in sardine and tried to learn the skill of making trading ships trading vessels. Okay. And it's classical example of Protestant ethic save each golden. There is market of second hand ship not only the new one but second hand version. Okay. This is the diagram of the whale hunting. You can follow that some year for example killed more than 2000 2000 whale by year. In Europe two nation specialized to the whale hunting. The Dutch and my guess which European nation was the rival in which hunting? Regularly answer the Japanese is recently not member of the of the European Union but it's the future maybe make us surprises but which my guess which other European nation specialized to the whale hunting? Dutch and Norwegian No not Norwegian Norwegian. Portuguese? Not Portuguese. It's very dangerous. It's large animal. Very difficult to to find. Basque. Basque. You know which is the Basque? Nobody? Basque, sorry. Russians? No, no, no, no, no. Russian in on the time no fleet. No fleet. Peter the Great started to make the first version of but focus on the Baltic Sea, okay? It's next to Spain and France. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Northern part of recently Iberian Peninsula. Northern part. You know that for example, it's if somebody interested for the football, most famous Basque football team Athletic Bilbao. Bilbao. Nobody knows. Okay. But very interesting nation. No any relatives. No any relatives. For example, Hungarian student know but for the foreign student it's it's quite typical part of Hungarian identity. We are small country. Not true. Czech Republic much smaller and no similar element of identity. And other one, we are alone. We are alone. The closest relatives living Estonia, Finland and majority in Siberia, Khanty-Mansi other small small folks. But for the Basque no relatives. Nothing. Never. Never. Our Basque language real identical. No any connection to any other language of the world. And recently is is part of of Spain, but quite long time try to try to somehow making local self-regulation and and independent country, but it therefore founded one terrorist organization very successful on the '70s and the '80s. and okay, but the Basque push down Basque nation was the other innovator of the whale hunting. Okay? It's flyboat which constructed in in Sardan. Very important peculiarity of the Dutch ships that much smaller the crew, the staff who directed the ships and much easier navigate with the Dutch fleet. Dutch ships, sorry. Okay, look at one short movie about the Dutch ships. I'm cruising in the Netherlands with my friend Vanessa with stop in the city of Lelystad. never heard of it before planning this trip, either. It's completely modern town in the geographic center of the Netherlands with to me one outstanding feature, the Batavia Shipyard, where they built replica of VOC, that's the Dutch East India Company to you, 17th-century merchant trading ship. These are the ships that brought silk and spices and other treasures from the Far East and built the immense wealth of Holland that funded huge cultural explosion called the Golden Age and all those warehouse-lined canals of Amsterdam we still love today. didn't sign up for just another museum tour, though. had mission. It's been long life-long dream of mine to fire cannon. Yes, just want to make sure I'm not being sneaky, but really will. This is my day. Yes. yeah. This is This is actually trade route. No other warships. In fact, these ships had This one had 32 cannons on board. 32? Yes, we got to Hard to imagine 5,000 ships like this over 200 years sailing to Asia in truly groundbreaking endeavor. The first multinational corporation in the world brought back 2 and 1/2 million tons of goods in that period, and it became the most valuable company ever in the world, worth an estimated $7 trillion by today's currency. No wonder they needed cannons for protection. No, to fire it, you have to get the people to move to the back, of course. This one was brought here by 2,000 kg, and you have to take it inside to load it. Okay. And then push it back out. And then push it back outside. And this This ship is lying still. It's not moving at all. You can imagine when you were The ship is rocking in heavy weather, and you have to Well, you need at least eight men. That would be hard on your toes. It sure does. This is charge of black gunpowder. He puts it into the gun. He turns the screw after He pulls it back. We use kind of ram to bring it all the way down underneath the little hole. Well, he puts the cannonball in. And it's an imagination to be firing cannon. Working on it. You have to put the gunpowder exactly underneath the little hole. So, this is where we're going to put the fuse. The only thing you have to do is get transferred outside. Okay, do have phone? There's also wire that should be Okay, I'm pulling out the phone cord. can call. Okay. Okay. I'll take it over there. Okay. Okay. The only thing you have to do is Okay, that's there's somebody in there. We don't like that. That's just someone passing in the hallway. And what you have to do is find the drums. Okay. And after that, you jump. You want me to jump on the bed? Okay, then you Okay. And then you say you take walk on the line. Goodbye. It's so nice knowing you. Okay. Yes, we're ready. Okay, you're ready to fire? Ready to fire. Okay. Don't Okay, you ready? That was very frightening. All right, ask you to Okay. This is not the classical behavior of the contemporary group, but it became device of the tourism. Okay, turn back to the story about the fleet. About the fleet, if we Sorry. As the memorial to start the wars, then this one goes right back. We started. Okay, hope you remember that at the beginning of this course showed for you one picture about urban network of Europe. Almost the same half thousand year later the two poles of urban area low country and the northern Italy. It's very and even now even now and recently you opened one map about Europe even now recently these two area the most dense urbanized area. Nobody chance you remember the size of Niderland. Size of Niderland it's half of recent Hungary. But in Niderland had 20 20 cities highest the population 100,000. 100,000. It's very dense urban area. It was at the beginning of Middle Ages and even recently. Therefore, if you are looking for example this indicator of historical process like for example urban area in the last thousand years the most important pillars didn't change. Didn't change. Very difficult change the position in international comparison. Okay. You can see one of the most important pole is the low country. But if closer look you can identify from the provinces of Niderland the most the highest population is Holland and Zealand. Only the two coastal provinces. If we try to identify the trajectory how increase the population total urban population increased from 200,000 to half million. Population of Amsterdam was the most the highest proportion, but the majority of other cities more or less was on the same trajectory. Highest population density of Europe, as mentioned before, on the time of agrarian revolution, is 50 person per thousand. On the contemporary, Hungary was 10 person per square kilometer. But in China was 4,000 400 sorry, 400 per square kilometer. In Aztec Empire in Central America two or three hundred person per square kilometer. International comparison, the dense population is 50 person per square kilometer. It's very very moderate, or we can tell that very low proportion. But in Europe, this is the highest one. Half of the Dutch population live in cities, in urban area. Therefore, very surprising that the population of the country doubled in consequence of immigration. little bit later, will speak about the function and the and the and the mechanism of immigration. Dutch cities together form the conurbation, very close one to another. Leading city, of course, Amsterdam. But in international comparison, size of Amsterdam is not so high. Look at for example, recently the inner part of Amsterdam, the historical Amsterdam, is half million. Look at for example, Paris, more than 10 million. London, more than 10 million. It's only half million. It's for example outskirts, it's taken to account, it's less than 1 million, even recently, even recently. Therefore, Amsterdam not giant, but only quite moderate first of the equals. Okay, division of labor, of course, it's very dense urban area, but the function economic function divided in different region. Industrial center Leiden, Haarlem, Delft. Commercial center Dordrecht onto the direction of Germany. And very interesting peculiarity of international relation that from the Middle Ages, the relation between German and the Dutch very bad, very bad. call your attention watching football football matches between Netherlands and the German German football team, national football team. It's very hard. It's beating and and and and and kicking each other very aggressive. Because after the Second World War, the piecing procedure unfolding between France and Germany. But between German Germany and and Dutch people never. And even now when for example, lived in Netherlands, traveled by car via Germany, through Germany. And on the boundary, German side of the boundary, complain to Dutch, and the Dutch part of the boundary complain to German. Hate each other, hate each other. Even more. okay, but Dordrecht, this is the this is why. Because in the historical past, the living standard of Dutch Republic much higher compared with the northern Germany. And the Germans in the Dutch public discussion the servant guest work. Very low position. And the behavior of the German troops on the Second World War was very bad. Therefore, not only the recent time but historically founded very bad relation. Okay, but continue. fishery founded on thousand and what is that? And the political capital hug, but each crucial decision made on Amsterdam. Okay, two short picture about the rural area. Gouda, you know the name of Gouda. It's very famous half cheese. And the And the other one remember half. Look at the rural part of the Dutch Republic. Sorry. Haarlem. It's important area of of textile industry, but probably you know that the founder of New York was Dutch people, Dutch sailor. Not by chance found the most famous district of New York named Haarlem after Dutch city. And somebody know which was the original Dutch name of New York? Nobody? Nieuw Amsterdam. Nieuw Amsterdam. And changed property on the British Dutch war and changed the name to New York. But originally Nieuw Amsterdam. Yes. Okay, look at Haarlem, the original Dutch Haarlem. Haarlem, capital city of North Holland, has everything you would want in quaint Dutch town, including canals, cafes, markets, breweries, churches, and plenty of bike paths. Taking small boat tour is great way to see the city, learn its history, and simply relax as you cruise the calm waterways of the many canals. The city of Haarlem is home to 14 museums, including the Teylers Museum, the oldest in the Netherlands, open since 1784. This museum has something intriguing for everyone, including art, minerals, fossils, coins and metals, scientific instruments, and much, much more. In central Haarlem, you will find the Grote Markt, car-free market square, and home to Saint Bavo Church, an impressive Gothic-style church. Its interior is magnificent without being overly gaudy. The organ inside the church is its most renowned feature. Built in the mid-1700s by Christian Müller, it was the largest organ in the world at its time of completion. Mozart himself played on this organ when he was just 10 years old, and it was also made famous by its mention in the 1851 book Moby Dick. Time your visit to Haarlem right, and you might be able to hear this organ live in concert at one of many free performances held each week. Do you like beer? Well, even if you don't, you'll want to stop by Jopenkerk, an historic church that has been transformed into an operational and contemporary brewery, earning the honorable title best looking bar in the Netherlands in 2013. If you visit Jopenkerk on Sunday during the summer months, you'll find locals and visitors alike enjoying scrumptious entrees from collection of food trucks outside. We suggest spending at least few days in Haarlem, and if you're looking for place to stay, we recommend Malts B&B Hotel. Malts offers the personal touch of bed and breakfast with the modern luxuries of hotel. We feel that the best way to see and experience Haarlem is by foot, as this allows you to slowly take in its charm, character, and surrounding beauty. Okay. do have the the Gouda. participated the water engineering conference in Gouda. It's It's According to size, it's city, but little bit according to population, might be village, and very very calm. spent my childhood in small village, and remember that very deep silence that no any noise, only the dog barking. It's in my in my side it's not noise. It's part of the silence, and the same silence felt first time in the cities and villages of the Netherlands. enjoyed. spent half year, and My my memories is excellent. If somebody If sometime have to emigrate from Hungary for some reason, my first target is Netherlands. It's over. Sumer Sumer Okay. think that the very important to somehow visualize the history because somehow we can we can realize that the history not dry information, not not accumulation of dry information, but accumulation of human deeds which realized in buildings, realized in sculpture, realized in in any other human construction. Okay, but continue. Once So, it was No, no, no, no, no, no, no. Sorry. How we interact here. Here. Okay, but very important to mention, and this is the last slide today, think, that Netherlands, in the historical past in the Middle Ages, didn't exist. Netherlands, the recent Netherlands, the recent Belgium, and the recent Luxembourg only appeared at the turn of 16th and 17th century. Before, this was low country. Low country which was part of Habsburg Empire. Habsburg Empire. On the time, not only the countries, but even, for example, the estates wasn't unit, geographical unit. It's scattered in different area. For example, the main area of Spanish Habsburg Empire was Spain. Other one, southern part, it's kingdom of Naples and Sicily. And Burgundy, and Low Country. Therefore, the contemporary empire is scattered very far geographical units. Therefore, Low Country was part of Habsburg Empire under direction of ruler who lived continuously in Madrid on the time. It's Philip the Second was the name. Habsburg Philip the Second. And when crowned by Philip the Second, started very, very bad period for Low Country. Why? Because the former emperor Charles the fifth was born in Low Country. Therefore, for him, this was the homeland. In consequence of that the rate of taxes very very moderate. And lot of special status lot of lot of lot of privileged received by Low Country. Died Charles the fifth and his son follow him on the crown on the throne of Habsburg empire. No any personal relation with the Low Country. Therefore, rise the taxes for same level like any other part of the empire. Rising of taxes it's very important indicator of upheaval. Look at for example the American history. Why organized the war of independence? Rise the taxes. Therefore, the people very sensible for rising up the taxes. Moreover, Spanish king was one leading ruler of Catholicism. And all this period started counter reformation and counter reformation. And the most important minority of Low Country were Protestant. Calvinist more exactly. Calvinist. Therefore, had lot of conflict between homeland, Spain, and Low Country. And started upheaval. local political leader organized the protest and the defense against the against against the Spanish king and the Catholic king and started very long cold conflict cold war without any violation. And Seven It's the whole of the low country contain 17 provinces and seven province decided that follow different direction and try to making try to make independence from the Habsburg empire. And the first period of the conflict try to try to solve the problem with negotiation but finally Philip II decided that solve the problem and send one of the most cruel general of Spanish army Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo Pimentel or short name the Duke of Alba. On the symmetry of and the tomb of the Duke of Alba there is sentence. Never lost battle. Never lost battle. The very famous general like for example Napoleon it's not make not not make right to the tomb that never lost the battle. Because you know the story of how the name is the lost Leipzig lost the battle of Leipzig and which was the last battle of Napoleon. Help me please. Waterloo. Okay, thanks lot. It's very very very late. Okay, but Duke of Alba never lost. It's very cruel very cruel general. Arrived to Antwerp and invited the leading person of opposition. Count Egmont and Count Horn, both Calvinist Protestant political leader and member of Dutch aristocracy. And you can see the birthday different but the date of death killed them. And after killed more thousand Dutch nobleman. It's massacre. And in this situation that the target and the ambition of Duke of Alba was it's destroy any form of opposition. But in this situation one fork maybe two option. The first finding some form of the compromise compro- compromise and the second one strengthen the opposition. In the case of Netherlands happened the second version. Almo- almost whole of the Dutch nobility destroyed, killed and escaped to emigration. But to the position of nobility Dutch nobility stepped bourgeoisie. It's very important peculiarity of European history until the Dutch independence war each European population, each European country directed by nobleman. It was the first exception. The French war of independence started and directed by citizens, by bourgeoisie. This is the starting date of global domination of capitalism. But the story will continue in the next week. Thanks lot for your attention, and ask you for patience for some minutes.